Colonial Era
1. What the British believed Americans had in the British government – Parliament represented the nation as a whole, not a particular district. It was Britain’s excuse for not allowing America to be represented in Parliament.
2. To find gold and a passage to the Indies (profits for investors in Virginia Company).
3. The Chesapeake contained mostly men (indentured servants), and had a smaller family size/smaller kinship bonds. There was much disease (malaria), keeping the mortality rate high. Massachusetts settlers usually came as family, had many children, were Puritans, and had higher literacy rates.
4. They worked for a fixed term in exchange for transportation. Most were young, unskilled males, were treated harshly, and had a high mortality rate.
5. Bacon’s Rebellion – Nathaniel Bacon led raids against Indians in backcountry Virginia. Governor Berkeley tried to stop him, and he responded by burning the capital (Jamestown) in 1676. The rebellion showed the tense relations between the frontier (with Indians) and the coast (without Indians).
Whiskey Rebellion – A rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers in response to an excise tax on whiskey in 1794. The farmers held that internal taxes were dangerous to the rights of citizens.
Albany Congress – A 1754 conference called by the British designed to negotiate a settlement with Iroquois Indians. Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union, which would have created a centralized government to deal with Indians and western settlement, was proposed and rejected here.
Pontiac’s Rebellion – A rebellion among Ohio Indians begun by Neolin, who taught that the Indians had been corrupted by Europeans and needed to purify themselves. Chief Pontiac began the attack on British forts in 1763, conquering Fort Michilimackinac. The British distributed blankets laced with smallpox at Fort Pitt. The rebellion ended in stalemate, as neither side could overpower the other.
Stamp Act Congress – A conference called in October 1865 with representatives from 9 colonies that determined that Britain had no right to tax the colonists, arguing that taxation required representation. It agreed to stop importations, yet did not support radicals. The Stamp Act was later repealed as a result.
Halfway Covenant – As a result of declining attendance, the Puritan church sought a way to increase membership. The Halfway Covenant was an agreement in 1662 that allowed children of church members to become “half-way” members without having a conversion experience.
6. The first written constitution in America, created in 1639 (Mayflower Compact was first document of self-government). It was primarily concerned with the welfare of the community.
7. Responsible for the foundations of democracy (i.e. Mayflower Compact), valued industry, created model communities (Massachusetts Bay Colony – “city on a hill”).
8. Believed in religious freedom, yet did not actually truly practice it – did not tolerate Catholics, Jews, or atheists.
9. A minister who believed in religious tolerance, separation of church and state, and that the colonists had no right to push Indians off their land. As a result of these beliefs, he was banished from New England and founded the town of Providence.
Revolutionary Era
1. It was a law passed in 1764 that raised duties on imported sugar in order to raise revenue from America. It was the first of many acts designed to profit from American taxation. It resulted in protests (no taxation without representation).
2. Women were subordinate to men: they couldn’t own property, hold office, make contracts, or vote, and they generally remained at home.
3. Because the colonies were not allowed their own currency, foreign currencies and commodities were used, and official currency exchange rates were put into place. This went against the desires of Britain, but it worked so well that most Britons agreed to leave this system alone, known as a policy of “salutary neglect.”
4. Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, the plan was to establish an intercolonial union to manage defense and the affairs of Indians. It proposed the development of a new government which consisted of a president-general, who was appointed by the crown, and a Grand Council which would create general laws. This plan was rejected because the colonists feared a loss of autonomy.
5. Groups created by Americans to encourage the sharing of information (primarily British actions) and cooperation among colonies. The first of these was created by the Virginia House of Burgesses.
6. They were designed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party and prompted the calling of the First Continental Congress, which discussed tactics for economic coercion, and moved America one step closer to war.
7. To ensure the rights of the people (so the federal government cannot infringe upon them), to delegate powers that had not been assigned to the federal government to state governments, and because some states would not ratify the Constitution without the inclusion of the Bill of Rights.
8. A religious revival in the mid 1700s that was characterized by emotional preaching, the condemnation of laxity in church principle, and the purification of the church. It was started by Jonathan Edwards, and other prominent leaders included George Whitefield and William Tennent. New Lights supported the new emotional preachers, while the Old Lights disapproved.
9. The American people were struggling to free itself from the tyrannical British government, so the Articles of Confederation were very cautious with the powers of the federal government, for fear of repeating the British fiasco within their own government.
10. The colonists were fighting on their home ground, were very spread out (making it almost impossible to conquer them), and there was popular support for the war, as it was inspired by the notion of independence (unlike in Britain).
11. The fact that America was completely free from British control, that all men are created equal, and that the people are able to alter/abolish the government if they are not satisfied.
12. The government could not tax the citizens directly, so there was no way to fund government operations or repay debts it had acquired. The government had no authority to govern, and was frequently snubbed by states who disagreed with its policies. There was no judicial branch, it was unable to regulate trade, and it was unable to defend the borders. It developed a policy for the development of western lands (Land/Northwest Ordinance). The government was also able to successfully negotiate peace with Britain.
13. The decision was whether or not to go to war, and how to do so. They created the Continental Army and appointed George Washington to command it.
14. The common people
15. To raise revenue in Britain.
16. The Virginia Plan was a replacement for the Articles of Confederation that involved states being represented in Congress based on their population. It included a bicameral legislature in which the Senate controlled foreign affairs and had the ability to tax citizens. The New Jersey Plan called for an increase in the powers of the central government and a single house congress, where states were equally represented. The Great Compromise brought these ideas together. It created a bicameral legislature, with states receiving equal representation (from NJ Plan) in the Senate and representation based on population in the House of Representatives (from VA Plan). It allowed for a strong national government, but with individual states also playing an important role.
17. Most Loyalists were recent migrants to the United States, still with close ties to Britain. There were concentrations in western New York, but Pennsylvania and Georgia were home to the most Loyalists. During the war, the British would yield conquered towns to the hands of Loyalists, allowing the army to move elsewhere.
18. The Constitution created a government with three branches (Legislative, Executive, Judicial), as a result of the Great Compromise, with the ability to tax its citizens. The president had veto power, was elected by the Electoral College, and had a four year term, state laws were subordinate to federal laws, the government could regulate trade, and nine states were required to ratify a bill. The three-fifths compromise was also a part of the Constitution.
Early National Period
1. The primary cause of the war was the dispute over neutral shipping rights (British impressment of American sailors). The War Hawks also influenced President Madison to declare war. The British also supported western Indians which the Americans were at war with in an attempt to gain more land.
2. Members of Congress from the South and West that pushed for war with Britain after their election in 1810. They influenced President Madison to declare war.
3. Thomas Jefferson took a “strict constructionist” viewpoint, arguing that the powers of the federal government should be limited to what is said in the Constitution and opposing the bank. Alexander Hamilton took a “loose constructionist” stance, arguing that the Constitution had implied powers that allowed the government to take any means necessary to carry out its goals.
4. Thomas Jefferson, a Jeffersonian Republican, was elected president after years of Federalist presidencies.
5. Defined the process of western territories becoming states (once number of citizens reaches 5,000 territory is permitted to choose an assembly) and prohibited slavery in western territories. It divided up the Northwest Territory into 3-5 states.
6. The French began confiscating American ships and cargo in 1796 because they were angry at Jay’s Treaty (benefitted Britain, not France). The U.S. sent delegates to France to resolve the crisis, but the French negotiators demanded a bribe. This words of the negotiations were released, resulting in anti-French sentiment, hurting Jefferson, and helping Adams.
7. It created the concept of judicial review, which held that only the judicial branch could decide what is constitutional.
8. Alien and Sedition Acts – Federalists intended these laws as weapons to defeat their enemies, the Jeffersonian Republicans. The Naturalization Act (part of the Alien/Sedition Acts) prevented immigrants from introduced democratic or republican ideals, and the Sedition Act prevented anyone from speaking out against the Federalist government.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – Written by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, these resolutions promoted the doctrine of nullification, which stated that a state could refuse to abide by a law that it deemed unconstitutional.
9. The Louisiana Purchase was the largest peaceful acquisition of land in U.S. history. Americans desired to move west (manifest destiny), and the Louisiana Purchase allowed them to do so. Napoleon sold the territory because he was in need of quick revenue for his war with Britain after his troops were defeated in Haiti.
10. Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), Gibbons v. Ogden (monopolies), Dartmouth College v Woodward (contracts), Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (Cherokee fighting to remain on their land, case ignored by Jackson)
11. Cotton gin, interchangeable parts
12. Meeting of representatives from five Federalist northern states in 1814 to protest the War of 1812 and to insist on its right of nullification. The war ended before the Convention accomplished anything.
13. A sectional compromise in 1820 that admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and outlawed slavery north of 36° 30’ north latitude. In southern eyes, slavery was a question of property, yet it northern eyes, it was a question of morality. It did not solve the issue of slavery – the question of how to maintain the balance between free and slave states remained.
14. A policy designed by John Quincy Adams that stated that the Western Hemisphere was closed off to European colonization and guaranteed that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
Era of Good Feelings
1. To promote American economic growth and to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. Its parts included the Second National Bank, a tax on imported goods, and internal improvements.
2. John Quincy Adams. There were 5 Republican candidates (Calhoun, Adams, Jackson, Crawford, Clay), and nobody gained the 2/3 vote required, so the election was taken to the House of Representatives. The Speaker of the House (knowing he could not win), Henry Clay, supported Adams over Jackson.
Jackson Period
1. Jackson strengthened the role of the executive, using his veto power more than all other presidents before him combined. He guided the nation through the Nullification Crisis, forcefully putting a stop to it before it got out of hand. He was responsible for the complete removal of Indians to the West. He made internal improvements the responsibility of states. Court cases during his presidency prevented monopolies and prevented states from interfering in contracts. He effectively destroyed the Second National Bank. By the time of the Jackson presidency, 90% of white males had suffrage. The land restrictions on voting had been almost completely removed.
2. Ralph Waldo Emerson (wrote “Nature” and “Self-Reliance”, Henry David Thoreau (wrote Walden)
3. Southern states claimed the “Tariff of Abominations” was unconstitutional because it violated the rights of some states, while benefitting others. Southern states, especially South Carolina, feared that since they were outnumbered in Congress, the government may take away slavery, adding to their support of the doctrine of nullification. Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest supported nullification.
4. Irish and Germans
5. Began insane asylums
6. Sabbatarianism – Led by Lyman Beecher, it promoted the observance of the Sabbath
Temperance – 1820s movement that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol
Female Moral Reform Society – antiprostitution group founded in New York
Insane asylums – Dorothea Dix
Prison reform – intended to reform prisoners rather than punish them
Utopianism – Shakers (abolished family, celibacy), Oneida (sexual activity), New Harmony (manufacturing community without unemployment – failed)
Mormonism – Joseph Smith, emphasized close cooperation and hard work
American Colonization Society – goal of sending black people back to Africa
Abolition – Willaim Lloyd Garrison (demanded immediate abolition, demanded full social equality for all blacks), Theodore Weld (American Slavery As It Is), Frederick Douglass, Liberty Party (first antislavery political party, formed in 1840)
Women’s Rights – Grimke sisters (first renowned female public speakers, “men and women created equal”), Seneca Falls Convention (1848 – Declaration of Sentiments)
7. Lowell System - A system in which all aspects of textile manufacture are able to be completed in the same factory. This system required a larger capital investment than the previous small mills. The invention of the power loom greatly enhanced this process.
8. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester (1831) v. Georgia (1832). Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Indians were a “domestic dependent nation” and that they could not forced by the state of Georgia to give up their land. Jackson ignored this ruling and continued with the passage of the Indian Removal Act.
9. Jackson destroyed the Second National Bank of the United States. Its destruction gave him popular support and helped him to win the election of 1832. Biddle responded by calling in the Bank’s loans, prompting the Panic of 1837.
10. Things that should not be in existence
11. The Industrial Revolution eliminated the need for slaves in the North, as poor whites worked in the factories. It increased the demand for slave labor in the South as farmers began to utilize new innovations in the production of cotton, which was very profitable.
12. Britain and the America had agreed to occupy Oregon jointly in 1818. Lured by patriotism and free land, American settlers from the Midwest moved into the region along the Oregon Trail, forming frontiers of exclusion (from the Indians). With a majority of American settlers (Indians having been killed by disease), Oregon became a state peacefully in 1859.
13. Formed by those who disapproved of immigrants (nativism) because they were Catholic and poor. They also held immigrants responsible for the increase in crime in cities.
Manifest Destiny Period
1. The doctrine that the expansion of whites west across America was ordained by God. The term was first written by newspaperman John O’Sullivan.
2. Polk
3. Whigs – they feared that westward expansion would raise the issue of slavery again.
4. Westward migration became a political issue. Most Democrats were avid supporters of expansion, while Whigs were against it (see above). Expansion in the 1840s was driven by the market revolution and by advances in transportation. The desire for trade across the Pacific Ocean also inspired westward expansion.
5. The right of the people to vote on whether their territory would become a slave or free state. This was the platform of Lewis Cass in the 1848 election (Zachary Taylor won) regarding slavery in western territories. This position did not truly solve the issue of slavery, it would just prolong it.
Civil War Period
1. Nat Turner (Virginia 1831), Gabriel Prosser (Virginia 1800), Denmark Vesey (Charleston 1822)
2. Admitted California as a free state, allowed the new states of Utah and New Mexico to vote whether to become free or slave states, ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia, passed the Fugitive Slave Law (required northerners to assist in the recapture of escaped slaves).
3. William Lloyd Garrison (condemned slavery as sinful, demanded full social equality for blacks), Theodore Weld (American Slavery As It Is), Frederick Douglass (orator)
4. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854 which opened the status as free or slave of Kansas and Nebraska up to popular sovereignty. As a result, both pro-slavery and anti-slavery people flooded into Kansas, including many “border ruffians” from neighboring pro-slave Missouri. A period of violence resulted, known as “Bleeding Kansas”. One of the best known participants was anti-slavery John Brown. Elections were held, but they were fraudulent. Free-soilers congregated in Topeka, and a pro-slave legislature was created in Lecompton. The Lecompton Constitution, which would have made Kansas a slave state, was supported by President Buchanan, yet rejected by Congress.
5. Blacks were still subject to “black codes”, which stripped them of their rights in many southern states. Most were forced into sharecropping, where they worked on rented land and gave a share of the crop yield to the landowner.
6. The abolitionist movement had its roots in the religious reform movements of the 1820s and 1830s, and supported by free blacks, Quakers, and militant white reformers. The writings and speeches of abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Theodore Weld, and Angelina Grimke also inspired others to join the movement.
7. Slavery should be allowed to continue where it already exists, but it should be outlawed in new territories in the West.
8. Same question as #5..?
9. Bleeding Kansas (see #4), Dred Scott Decision, Fugitive Slave Act, John Brown’s Raid, Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 – South Carolina secedes, others follow, basically everything we have ever learned about slavery
10. Lincoln’s goal was the preservation of the Union, and the Confederacy knew this and was not willing to comply. A war was inevitable. When Lincoln moved to resupply Fort Sumter (Charleston), Jefferson Davis ordered General P.G.T. Beauregard to attack.
11. Former Whigs, northern Democrats, Know-Nothings (in 1850)
12. Lincoln was not willing to allow slavery to expand. He was cautious about ending slavery directly because he did not want the Border States (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri) to secede.
13. It freed the slaves in areas of rebellion (Confederacy). However, it could not be enforced, as these states were not in the Union. The proclamation was more symbolic than practical. It increased pressure on the South by directly linking slavery with the war.
14. It divided the South into 5 military districts subject to martial law. Southern states were required to draft new constitutions, guarantee black voting rights, and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before they could be eligible for readmission into the Union.
15. A bill proposed by Radical Republicans in 1864 that required 50 percent of a seceding state’s white male population to swear loyalty to the Union before the state could hold a new constitutional convention. The bill also guaranteed equality for blacks before the law. Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan was passed over this bill.
16. The secession of southern states (beginning with South Carolina) and the formation of the Confederate States of America.
17. Fourteenth Amendment (guaranteed black citizenship), Fifteenth Amendment (guaranteed black suffrage), Freedman’s Bureau (aided free blacks), black schools and churches. However, the Compromise of 1877 nullified all of the accomplishments of Reconstruction in the South.
18. Andrew Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act (stated that cabinet member could not be removed until Senate approved a replacement) by attempting to remove Secretary of War Stanton. He had also vetoed many Republican bills for Reconstruction, earning him many enemies in the Senate.
1. What the British believed Americans had in the British government – Parliament represented the nation as a whole, not a particular district. It was Britain’s excuse for not allowing America to be represented in Parliament.
2. To find gold and a passage to the Indies (profits for investors in Virginia Company).
3. The Chesapeake contained mostly men (indentured servants), and had a smaller family size/smaller kinship bonds. There was much disease (malaria), keeping the mortality rate high. Massachusetts settlers usually came as family, had many children, were Puritans, and had higher literacy rates.
4. They worked for a fixed term in exchange for transportation. Most were young, unskilled males, were treated harshly, and had a high mortality rate.
5. Bacon’s Rebellion – Nathaniel Bacon led raids against Indians in backcountry Virginia. Governor Berkeley tried to stop him, and he responded by burning the capital (Jamestown) in 1676. The rebellion showed the tense relations between the frontier (with Indians) and the coast (without Indians).
Whiskey Rebellion – A rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers in response to an excise tax on whiskey in 1794. The farmers held that internal taxes were dangerous to the rights of citizens.
Albany Congress – A 1754 conference called by the British designed to negotiate a settlement with Iroquois Indians. Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union, which would have created a centralized government to deal with Indians and western settlement, was proposed and rejected here.
Pontiac’s Rebellion – A rebellion among Ohio Indians begun by Neolin, who taught that the Indians had been corrupted by Europeans and needed to purify themselves. Chief Pontiac began the attack on British forts in 1763, conquering Fort Michilimackinac. The British distributed blankets laced with smallpox at Fort Pitt. The rebellion ended in stalemate, as neither side could overpower the other.
Stamp Act Congress – A conference called in October 1865 with representatives from 9 colonies that determined that Britain had no right to tax the colonists, arguing that taxation required representation. It agreed to stop importations, yet did not support radicals. The Stamp Act was later repealed as a result.
Halfway Covenant – As a result of declining attendance, the Puritan church sought a way to increase membership. The Halfway Covenant was an agreement in 1662 that allowed children of church members to become “half-way” members without having a conversion experience.
6. The first written constitution in America, created in 1639 (Mayflower Compact was first document of self-government). It was primarily concerned with the welfare of the community.
7. Responsible for the foundations of democracy (i.e. Mayflower Compact), valued industry, created model communities (Massachusetts Bay Colony – “city on a hill”).
8. Believed in religious freedom, yet did not actually truly practice it – did not tolerate Catholics, Jews, or atheists.
9. A minister who believed in religious tolerance, separation of church and state, and that the colonists had no right to push Indians off their land. As a result of these beliefs, he was banished from New England and founded the town of Providence.
Revolutionary Era
1. It was a law passed in 1764 that raised duties on imported sugar in order to raise revenue from America. It was the first of many acts designed to profit from American taxation. It resulted in protests (no taxation without representation).
2. Women were subordinate to men: they couldn’t own property, hold office, make contracts, or vote, and they generally remained at home.
3. Because the colonies were not allowed their own currency, foreign currencies and commodities were used, and official currency exchange rates were put into place. This went against the desires of Britain, but it worked so well that most Britons agreed to leave this system alone, known as a policy of “salutary neglect.”
4. Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, the plan was to establish an intercolonial union to manage defense and the affairs of Indians. It proposed the development of a new government which consisted of a president-general, who was appointed by the crown, and a Grand Council which would create general laws. This plan was rejected because the colonists feared a loss of autonomy.
5. Groups created by Americans to encourage the sharing of information (primarily British actions) and cooperation among colonies. The first of these was created by the Virginia House of Burgesses.
6. They were designed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party and prompted the calling of the First Continental Congress, which discussed tactics for economic coercion, and moved America one step closer to war.
7. To ensure the rights of the people (so the federal government cannot infringe upon them), to delegate powers that had not been assigned to the federal government to state governments, and because some states would not ratify the Constitution without the inclusion of the Bill of Rights.
8. A religious revival in the mid 1700s that was characterized by emotional preaching, the condemnation of laxity in church principle, and the purification of the church. It was started by Jonathan Edwards, and other prominent leaders included George Whitefield and William Tennent. New Lights supported the new emotional preachers, while the Old Lights disapproved.
9. The American people were struggling to free itself from the tyrannical British government, so the Articles of Confederation were very cautious with the powers of the federal government, for fear of repeating the British fiasco within their own government.
10. The colonists were fighting on their home ground, were very spread out (making it almost impossible to conquer them), and there was popular support for the war, as it was inspired by the notion of independence (unlike in Britain).
11. The fact that America was completely free from British control, that all men are created equal, and that the people are able to alter/abolish the government if they are not satisfied.
12. The government could not tax the citizens directly, so there was no way to fund government operations or repay debts it had acquired. The government had no authority to govern, and was frequently snubbed by states who disagreed with its policies. There was no judicial branch, it was unable to regulate trade, and it was unable to defend the borders. It developed a policy for the development of western lands (Land/Northwest Ordinance). The government was also able to successfully negotiate peace with Britain.
13. The decision was whether or not to go to war, and how to do so. They created the Continental Army and appointed George Washington to command it.
14. The common people
15. To raise revenue in Britain.
16. The Virginia Plan was a replacement for the Articles of Confederation that involved states being represented in Congress based on their population. It included a bicameral legislature in which the Senate controlled foreign affairs and had the ability to tax citizens. The New Jersey Plan called for an increase in the powers of the central government and a single house congress, where states were equally represented. The Great Compromise brought these ideas together. It created a bicameral legislature, with states receiving equal representation (from NJ Plan) in the Senate and representation based on population in the House of Representatives (from VA Plan). It allowed for a strong national government, but with individual states also playing an important role.
17. Most Loyalists were recent migrants to the United States, still with close ties to Britain. There were concentrations in western New York, but Pennsylvania and Georgia were home to the most Loyalists. During the war, the British would yield conquered towns to the hands of Loyalists, allowing the army to move elsewhere.
18. The Constitution created a government with three branches (Legislative, Executive, Judicial), as a result of the Great Compromise, with the ability to tax its citizens. The president had veto power, was elected by the Electoral College, and had a four year term, state laws were subordinate to federal laws, the government could regulate trade, and nine states were required to ratify a bill. The three-fifths compromise was also a part of the Constitution.
Early National Period
1. The primary cause of the war was the dispute over neutral shipping rights (British impressment of American sailors). The War Hawks also influenced President Madison to declare war. The British also supported western Indians which the Americans were at war with in an attempt to gain more land.
2. Members of Congress from the South and West that pushed for war with Britain after their election in 1810. They influenced President Madison to declare war.
3. Thomas Jefferson took a “strict constructionist” viewpoint, arguing that the powers of the federal government should be limited to what is said in the Constitution and opposing the bank. Alexander Hamilton took a “loose constructionist” stance, arguing that the Constitution had implied powers that allowed the government to take any means necessary to carry out its goals.
4. Thomas Jefferson, a Jeffersonian Republican, was elected president after years of Federalist presidencies.
5. Defined the process of western territories becoming states (once number of citizens reaches 5,000 territory is permitted to choose an assembly) and prohibited slavery in western territories. It divided up the Northwest Territory into 3-5 states.
6. The French began confiscating American ships and cargo in 1796 because they were angry at Jay’s Treaty (benefitted Britain, not France). The U.S. sent delegates to France to resolve the crisis, but the French negotiators demanded a bribe. This words of the negotiations were released, resulting in anti-French sentiment, hurting Jefferson, and helping Adams.
7. It created the concept of judicial review, which held that only the judicial branch could decide what is constitutional.
8. Alien and Sedition Acts – Federalists intended these laws as weapons to defeat their enemies, the Jeffersonian Republicans. The Naturalization Act (part of the Alien/Sedition Acts) prevented immigrants from introduced democratic or republican ideals, and the Sedition Act prevented anyone from speaking out against the Federalist government.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – Written by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, these resolutions promoted the doctrine of nullification, which stated that a state could refuse to abide by a law that it deemed unconstitutional.
9. The Louisiana Purchase was the largest peaceful acquisition of land in U.S. history. Americans desired to move west (manifest destiny), and the Louisiana Purchase allowed them to do so. Napoleon sold the territory because he was in need of quick revenue for his war with Britain after his troops were defeated in Haiti.
10. Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), Gibbons v. Ogden (monopolies), Dartmouth College v Woodward (contracts), Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (Cherokee fighting to remain on their land, case ignored by Jackson)
11. Cotton gin, interchangeable parts
12. Meeting of representatives from five Federalist northern states in 1814 to protest the War of 1812 and to insist on its right of nullification. The war ended before the Convention accomplished anything.
13. A sectional compromise in 1820 that admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and outlawed slavery north of 36° 30’ north latitude. In southern eyes, slavery was a question of property, yet it northern eyes, it was a question of morality. It did not solve the issue of slavery – the question of how to maintain the balance between free and slave states remained.
14. A policy designed by John Quincy Adams that stated that the Western Hemisphere was closed off to European colonization and guaranteed that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
Era of Good Feelings
1. To promote American economic growth and to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. Its parts included the Second National Bank, a tax on imported goods, and internal improvements.
2. John Quincy Adams. There were 5 Republican candidates (Calhoun, Adams, Jackson, Crawford, Clay), and nobody gained the 2/3 vote required, so the election was taken to the House of Representatives. The Speaker of the House (knowing he could not win), Henry Clay, supported Adams over Jackson.
Jackson Period
1. Jackson strengthened the role of the executive, using his veto power more than all other presidents before him combined. He guided the nation through the Nullification Crisis, forcefully putting a stop to it before it got out of hand. He was responsible for the complete removal of Indians to the West. He made internal improvements the responsibility of states. Court cases during his presidency prevented monopolies and prevented states from interfering in contracts. He effectively destroyed the Second National Bank. By the time of the Jackson presidency, 90% of white males had suffrage. The land restrictions on voting had been almost completely removed.
2. Ralph Waldo Emerson (wrote “Nature” and “Self-Reliance”, Henry David Thoreau (wrote Walden)
3. Southern states claimed the “Tariff of Abominations” was unconstitutional because it violated the rights of some states, while benefitting others. Southern states, especially South Carolina, feared that since they were outnumbered in Congress, the government may take away slavery, adding to their support of the doctrine of nullification. Calhoun’s Exposition and Protest supported nullification.
4. Irish and Germans
5. Began insane asylums
6. Sabbatarianism – Led by Lyman Beecher, it promoted the observance of the Sabbath
Temperance – 1820s movement that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol
Female Moral Reform Society – antiprostitution group founded in New York
Insane asylums – Dorothea Dix
Prison reform – intended to reform prisoners rather than punish them
Utopianism – Shakers (abolished family, celibacy), Oneida (sexual activity), New Harmony (manufacturing community without unemployment – failed)
Mormonism – Joseph Smith, emphasized close cooperation and hard work
American Colonization Society – goal of sending black people back to Africa
Abolition – Willaim Lloyd Garrison (demanded immediate abolition, demanded full social equality for all blacks), Theodore Weld (American Slavery As It Is), Frederick Douglass, Liberty Party (first antislavery political party, formed in 1840)
Women’s Rights – Grimke sisters (first renowned female public speakers, “men and women created equal”), Seneca Falls Convention (1848 – Declaration of Sentiments)
7. Lowell System - A system in which all aspects of textile manufacture are able to be completed in the same factory. This system required a larger capital investment than the previous small mills. The invention of the power loom greatly enhanced this process.
8. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester (1831) v. Georgia (1832). Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Indians were a “domestic dependent nation” and that they could not forced by the state of Georgia to give up their land. Jackson ignored this ruling and continued with the passage of the Indian Removal Act.
9. Jackson destroyed the Second National Bank of the United States. Its destruction gave him popular support and helped him to win the election of 1832. Biddle responded by calling in the Bank’s loans, prompting the Panic of 1837.
10. Things that should not be in existence
11. The Industrial Revolution eliminated the need for slaves in the North, as poor whites worked in the factories. It increased the demand for slave labor in the South as farmers began to utilize new innovations in the production of cotton, which was very profitable.
12. Britain and the America had agreed to occupy Oregon jointly in 1818. Lured by patriotism and free land, American settlers from the Midwest moved into the region along the Oregon Trail, forming frontiers of exclusion (from the Indians). With a majority of American settlers (Indians having been killed by disease), Oregon became a state peacefully in 1859.
13. Formed by those who disapproved of immigrants (nativism) because they were Catholic and poor. They also held immigrants responsible for the increase in crime in cities.
Manifest Destiny Period
1. The doctrine that the expansion of whites west across America was ordained by God. The term was first written by newspaperman John O’Sullivan.
2. Polk
3. Whigs – they feared that westward expansion would raise the issue of slavery again.
4. Westward migration became a political issue. Most Democrats were avid supporters of expansion, while Whigs were against it (see above). Expansion in the 1840s was driven by the market revolution and by advances in transportation. The desire for trade across the Pacific Ocean also inspired westward expansion.
5. The right of the people to vote on whether their territory would become a slave or free state. This was the platform of Lewis Cass in the 1848 election (Zachary Taylor won) regarding slavery in western territories. This position did not truly solve the issue of slavery, it would just prolong it.
Civil War Period
1. Nat Turner (Virginia 1831), Gabriel Prosser (Virginia 1800), Denmark Vesey (Charleston 1822)
2. Admitted California as a free state, allowed the new states of Utah and New Mexico to vote whether to become free or slave states, ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia, passed the Fugitive Slave Law (required northerners to assist in the recapture of escaped slaves).
3. William Lloyd Garrison (condemned slavery as sinful, demanded full social equality for blacks), Theodore Weld (American Slavery As It Is), Frederick Douglass (orator)
4. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854 which opened the status as free or slave of Kansas and Nebraska up to popular sovereignty. As a result, both pro-slavery and anti-slavery people flooded into Kansas, including many “border ruffians” from neighboring pro-slave Missouri. A period of violence resulted, known as “Bleeding Kansas”. One of the best known participants was anti-slavery John Brown. Elections were held, but they were fraudulent. Free-soilers congregated in Topeka, and a pro-slave legislature was created in Lecompton. The Lecompton Constitution, which would have made Kansas a slave state, was supported by President Buchanan, yet rejected by Congress.
5. Blacks were still subject to “black codes”, which stripped them of their rights in many southern states. Most were forced into sharecropping, where they worked on rented land and gave a share of the crop yield to the landowner.
6. The abolitionist movement had its roots in the religious reform movements of the 1820s and 1830s, and supported by free blacks, Quakers, and militant white reformers. The writings and speeches of abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Theodore Weld, and Angelina Grimke also inspired others to join the movement.
7. Slavery should be allowed to continue where it already exists, but it should be outlawed in new territories in the West.
8. Same question as #5..?
9. Bleeding Kansas (see #4), Dred Scott Decision, Fugitive Slave Act, John Brown’s Raid, Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 – South Carolina secedes, others follow, basically everything we have ever learned about slavery
10. Lincoln’s goal was the preservation of the Union, and the Confederacy knew this and was not willing to comply. A war was inevitable. When Lincoln moved to resupply Fort Sumter (Charleston), Jefferson Davis ordered General P.G.T. Beauregard to attack.
11. Former Whigs, northern Democrats, Know-Nothings (in 1850)
12. Lincoln was not willing to allow slavery to expand. He was cautious about ending slavery directly because he did not want the Border States (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri) to secede.
13. It freed the slaves in areas of rebellion (Confederacy). However, it could not be enforced, as these states were not in the Union. The proclamation was more symbolic than practical. It increased pressure on the South by directly linking slavery with the war.
14. It divided the South into 5 military districts subject to martial law. Southern states were required to draft new constitutions, guarantee black voting rights, and ratify the Fourteenth Amendment before they could be eligible for readmission into the Union.
15. A bill proposed by Radical Republicans in 1864 that required 50 percent of a seceding state’s white male population to swear loyalty to the Union before the state could hold a new constitutional convention. The bill also guaranteed equality for blacks before the law. Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan was passed over this bill.
16. The secession of southern states (beginning with South Carolina) and the formation of the Confederate States of America.
17. Fourteenth Amendment (guaranteed black citizenship), Fifteenth Amendment (guaranteed black suffrage), Freedman’s Bureau (aided free blacks), black schools and churches. However, the Compromise of 1877 nullified all of the accomplishments of Reconstruction in the South.
18. Andrew Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act (stated that cabinet member could not be removed until Senate approved a replacement) by attempting to remove Secretary of War Stanton. He had also vetoed many Republican bills for Reconstruction, earning him many enemies in the Senate.