Shay’s
Rebellion:
Led by Revolutionary officer Daniel Shays in Pelham, Massachusetts
(1796), a group of farmers protested the extremely high taxes that were being
imposed by the merchant-dominated Massachusettslegislature.
The rebellion ended when a Massachusetts militia crushed the
Shaysites. The farmers armed
themselves and marched on Northamptoncourt.
Similar conflicts occurred in other colonies
New
Jersey
Plan:
Proposed by William Patterson and also known as the Small State Plan, this plan
called for an increase in the powers of the central government and a single
house congress, where states were equally represented.
Electoral
College:
This allows the election of the president to be performed indirectly. In essence, the people vote for
electors from their state who then elect the
president.
Bill
of Rights:
Ratified in 1791, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, the first of
which was the right of freedom of speech and the press.
This was the most important legacy of the
Anti-Federalists.
Jeffersonian
Republicans:
The party which opposed the Federalists, named for its leader, Thomas
Jefferson. The party presented
itself as one which represented “traditional agrarian purity”, states’ rights,
and liberty. This party played an important role in overturning the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
Hamilton’s
Financial Plan: The
first part of this plan was the Tariff of 1789, which was a balance between
tariffs to protect American goods and tariffs to provide revenue for the
financially desperate government.
The next part involved issuing bonds to inspire investors and paying for
the notes issued during the Revolution at face value (they were severely
undervalued). The next step of the
plan was the creation of the Bank of the United States,
which was narrowly approved by Congress.
The final step of the plan involved promising financial security for
“infant industries”. As a whole,
the plan dramatically restored financial
health.
Whiskey
Rebellion: A
rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers over the tax placed on
the distillation of whiskey.
Those who rebelled argued the implementation of a tax on such a practice
was against the principles of the Revolution (large landowners should be taxed
for revenue, not small farmers).
The rebellion became somewhat violent when the rebels attempted to seize
tax collectors, and several were killed.
President Washington responded by sending 13,000 soldiers in an
occupation of west Pennsylvania. The rebellion quickly died down at this
dramatic response, which demonstrated the federal government’s power and
dedication to preserve the Union.
Treaty
of Greenville:
This
treaty was preceded by General Wayne’s success at the Battle of Fallen
Timbers. In the treaty, delegates
from 12 Indian nations ceded a huge territory, encompassing modern Ohio, Indiana, and other
northwestern territories to the United
States.
XYZ
Affair: Rising
tensions between the U.S. and
France led Franceto adopt an
aggressive naval policy to the U.S.,
seizing hundreds of American ships.
President Adams sent delegates toFranceto negotiate a truce, but the
French demanded a bribe. This
correspondence was released to the public, with the names of the French
negotiators replaced with the letters X, Y, and Z.
This caused an uproar of anti-French sentiment, and the U.S.prepared for war, tripling the
size of its army. War was avoided,
however, when Britain
defeated Francenear
Egypt.
John
Adams: A
Federalist, he served as the second president of the United States.
He attempted to conduct his presidency in the manner that George Washington had before him.
Against the will of the Federalists in Congress, he made peace with the
French, which he considered one of his greatest
accomplishments.
“The
Revolution of 1800”: A
term Jeffersonused to describe the presidential
election of 1800, which was between the Federalist John Adams and Charles
Pinckney and the Republican Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
Adams secured the votes of New England, while Jefferson secured votes in the South and West.
As a result of this election, the Constitution was altered
(12th Amendment) to allow separate ballots for president and vice
president.
Charles
Wilson Peale: A
prominent artist of the Revolutionary Era, he was known for his Jeffersonian
Republican war propaganda. He
began a museum in which he displayed his paintings of American
heroes.
Annapolis
Convention: Called
by Virginiain
response to political weakness amidst the economic crisis in 1786, it was
attended by delegates from only 5 states, failing to accomplish anything. However, it called upon the national
government to summon a national convention to revise the Articles of
Confederation (the Philadelphiaconvention convened shortly
after).
Great
Compromise: A
compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
It created a bicameral legislature, with states receiving equal
representation (from NJ Plan) in the Senate and representation based on
population in the House of Representatives (from VA Plan).
It allowed for a strong national government, but with individual states
also playing an important role.
The
Federalist: Written
by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, this series of essays
defended the Constitution. It
opposed the theory of Montesquieu that a republican government only works well
in small countries, arguing that the best way to control political factions was
to “extend the sphere of government”,making great size an advantage to a
republican government.
Federalist
Party: Led
by Alexander Hamilton, this party opposed the Jeffersonian Republicans,
supporting a strong federal government.
They were accused of being supporters of monarchy by the Jeffersonian
Republicans.
Judiciary
Act, 1789: Implemented
the “judicial clause of the Constitution”, which empowered Congress to set the
number of justices (originally 6, later 9) on the Supreme Court and develop a
system of federal courts.
Edmund
Genet: The
French ambassador who came to America in 1793 seeking to win American
involvement in France’s war
with Britain.
He authorized American privateering raids against the British, and many
Americans sympathized with him (they already hated the British).
Despite his efforts, President Washington declared that the
U.S. would be taking a neutral
stance. Genet then challenged the
president to a debate on his decision, which outraged Washington, and cost Jefferson his position in the
cabinet.
Battle
of Fallen Timbers: After
St. Clair’s humiliating defeat at the hands of Little Turtle, Washington
appointed General Anthony Wayne to lead a force against the Indians of northern
Ohio. Wayne’s force crushed the Indians at the Battle
of Fallen Timbers, which set the stage for the Treaty of
Greenville.
Washington’s
Farewell Address: After
being demonized by the press, realizing he was sick of politics, and wanting to
return to farm life, Washington refused his 3rd term as
president. In his Farewell
Address, he argued for Americans to distance themselves from the political
affairs in Europe, but not adopt a policy of
isolationism.
Alien
and Sedition Acts: A
series of 4 acts passed by the Federalist majority in Congress in 1798: the
Naturalization Act (raised the required residence in the United States for
citizenship from 5 years to 14 years), the Alien Act and Alien Enemies Act (gave
president the right to deport or imprison any suspected foreigners during times
of war), and the Sedition Act (gave the government the right to place heavy
fines or imprison anyone speaking or writing falsely or maliciously against the
government).
Virginia
and Kentucky
Resolutions: Authored
anonymously by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, these resolutions asserted
that the states had the right to nullify any laws they deemed
unconstitutional. They were
written in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts and were passed by the
Virginia and Kentucky
legislatures.
States’
Rights: The
notion that the rights of individual states are more important than those of the
federal government, which was supported by the Jeffersonian Republican
party.
Virginia
Plan: Suggested
by James Madison and also known as the Large State Plan, it was a replacement
for the Articles of Confederation that involved states being represented in
Congress based on their population.
It included a bicameral legislature in which the Senate controlled
foreign affairs and had the ability to tax
citizens.
3/5
Compromise: An
agreement between the southern states (who wanted slaves’ votes to count) and
northern states (who didn’t want slaves to vote) that allowed the vote of 5
slaves to be counted as 3 votes.
Anti-Federalists:
The
early opposition to the Federalist Party.
It was not a unified group, and represented a variety of social
interests. The anti-Federalists
believed that the Constitution granted too much power to federal government and
weakened the autonomy of individual states.
Judicial
Review: A
policy that gave federal courts the power to intervene in the decisions of state
courts and determine the constitutionality of
decision.
Implied Powers:
Intercourse
Act: This
act stated that the government would regulate trade and interaction with Indian
peoples, and created a federal licensing system for the purchasing of Indian
land (to prevent unauthorized purchases).
Jay’s
Treaty: An
agreement between the U.S. and Britain that secured the withdrawal of British
troops of America, limited trade between the U.S. and the British East and West
Indies, and gave each country“most favored nation” status (meaning each state
would benefit from trade with the other more than any other nation).
This was contested by Jefferson and the Republicans, who advocated for
positive relations with France.
Pinckney Treaty: An agreement between the U.S. and New
Spainthat established a border between the two nations’ property
along the 31stparallel.
The Federalists forced Congress to accept Jay’s Treaty before this treaty
could be ratified in 1796.
Quasi-War:
An
undeclared naval battle between the United
States and France
that lasted from 1797 to 1800.
John
Jay: The
chief justice of the Supreme Court, he later established Jay’s Treaty with
Britain.
Suffrage:
The
right to vote; it increased dramatically as a result of partisan
competition. Four states adopted
universal white male suffrage by 1800, and all others had reduced the property
ownership requirements to vote.
Questions
Rebellion:
Led by Revolutionary officer Daniel Shays in Pelham, Massachusetts
(1796), a group of farmers protested the extremely high taxes that were being
imposed by the merchant-dominated Massachusettslegislature.
The rebellion ended when a Massachusetts militia crushed the
Shaysites. The farmers armed
themselves and marched on Northamptoncourt.
Similar conflicts occurred in other colonies
New
Jersey
Plan:
Proposed by William Patterson and also known as the Small State Plan, this plan
called for an increase in the powers of the central government and a single
house congress, where states were equally represented.
Electoral
College:
This allows the election of the president to be performed indirectly. In essence, the people vote for
electors from their state who then elect the
president.
Bill
of Rights:
Ratified in 1791, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, the first of
which was the right of freedom of speech and the press.
This was the most important legacy of the
Anti-Federalists.
Jeffersonian
Republicans:
The party which opposed the Federalists, named for its leader, Thomas
Jefferson. The party presented
itself as one which represented “traditional agrarian purity”, states’ rights,
and liberty. This party played an important role in overturning the Alien and
Sedition Acts.
Hamilton’s
Financial Plan: The
first part of this plan was the Tariff of 1789, which was a balance between
tariffs to protect American goods and tariffs to provide revenue for the
financially desperate government.
The next part involved issuing bonds to inspire investors and paying for
the notes issued during the Revolution at face value (they were severely
undervalued). The next step of the
plan was the creation of the Bank of the United States,
which was narrowly approved by Congress.
The final step of the plan involved promising financial security for
“infant industries”. As a whole,
the plan dramatically restored financial
health.
Whiskey
Rebellion: A
rebellion of Pennsylvania farmers over the tax placed on
the distillation of whiskey.
Those who rebelled argued the implementation of a tax on such a practice
was against the principles of the Revolution (large landowners should be taxed
for revenue, not small farmers).
The rebellion became somewhat violent when the rebels attempted to seize
tax collectors, and several were killed.
President Washington responded by sending 13,000 soldiers in an
occupation of west Pennsylvania. The rebellion quickly died down at this
dramatic response, which demonstrated the federal government’s power and
dedication to preserve the Union.
Treaty
of Greenville:
This
treaty was preceded by General Wayne’s success at the Battle of Fallen
Timbers. In the treaty, delegates
from 12 Indian nations ceded a huge territory, encompassing modern Ohio, Indiana, and other
northwestern territories to the United
States.
XYZ
Affair: Rising
tensions between the U.S. and
France led Franceto adopt an
aggressive naval policy to the U.S.,
seizing hundreds of American ships.
President Adams sent delegates toFranceto negotiate a truce, but the
French demanded a bribe. This
correspondence was released to the public, with the names of the French
negotiators replaced with the letters X, Y, and Z.
This caused an uproar of anti-French sentiment, and the U.S.prepared for war, tripling the
size of its army. War was avoided,
however, when Britain
defeated Francenear
Egypt.
John
Adams: A
Federalist, he served as the second president of the United States.
He attempted to conduct his presidency in the manner that George Washington had before him.
Against the will of the Federalists in Congress, he made peace with the
French, which he considered one of his greatest
accomplishments.
“The
Revolution of 1800”: A
term Jeffersonused to describe the presidential
election of 1800, which was between the Federalist John Adams and Charles
Pinckney and the Republican Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
Adams secured the votes of New England, while Jefferson secured votes in the South and West.
As a result of this election, the Constitution was altered
(12th Amendment) to allow separate ballots for president and vice
president.
Charles
Wilson Peale: A
prominent artist of the Revolutionary Era, he was known for his Jeffersonian
Republican war propaganda. He
began a museum in which he displayed his paintings of American
heroes.
Annapolis
Convention: Called
by Virginiain
response to political weakness amidst the economic crisis in 1786, it was
attended by delegates from only 5 states, failing to accomplish anything. However, it called upon the national
government to summon a national convention to revise the Articles of
Confederation (the Philadelphiaconvention convened shortly
after).
Great
Compromise: A
compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
It created a bicameral legislature, with states receiving equal
representation (from NJ Plan) in the Senate and representation based on
population in the House of Representatives (from VA Plan).
It allowed for a strong national government, but with individual states
also playing an important role.
The
Federalist: Written
by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, this series of essays
defended the Constitution. It
opposed the theory of Montesquieu that a republican government only works well
in small countries, arguing that the best way to control political factions was
to “extend the sphere of government”,making great size an advantage to a
republican government.
Federalist
Party: Led
by Alexander Hamilton, this party opposed the Jeffersonian Republicans,
supporting a strong federal government.
They were accused of being supporters of monarchy by the Jeffersonian
Republicans.
Judiciary
Act, 1789: Implemented
the “judicial clause of the Constitution”, which empowered Congress to set the
number of justices (originally 6, later 9) on the Supreme Court and develop a
system of federal courts.
Edmund
Genet: The
French ambassador who came to America in 1793 seeking to win American
involvement in France’s war
with Britain.
He authorized American privateering raids against the British, and many
Americans sympathized with him (they already hated the British).
Despite his efforts, President Washington declared that the
U.S. would be taking a neutral
stance. Genet then challenged the
president to a debate on his decision, which outraged Washington, and cost Jefferson his position in the
cabinet.
Battle
of Fallen Timbers: After
St. Clair’s humiliating defeat at the hands of Little Turtle, Washington
appointed General Anthony Wayne to lead a force against the Indians of northern
Ohio. Wayne’s force crushed the Indians at the Battle
of Fallen Timbers, which set the stage for the Treaty of
Greenville.
Washington’s
Farewell Address: After
being demonized by the press, realizing he was sick of politics, and wanting to
return to farm life, Washington refused his 3rd term as
president. In his Farewell
Address, he argued for Americans to distance themselves from the political
affairs in Europe, but not adopt a policy of
isolationism.
Alien
and Sedition Acts: A
series of 4 acts passed by the Federalist majority in Congress in 1798: the
Naturalization Act (raised the required residence in the United States for
citizenship from 5 years to 14 years), the Alien Act and Alien Enemies Act (gave
president the right to deport or imprison any suspected foreigners during times
of war), and the Sedition Act (gave the government the right to place heavy
fines or imprison anyone speaking or writing falsely or maliciously against the
government).
Virginia
and Kentucky
Resolutions: Authored
anonymously by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, these resolutions asserted
that the states had the right to nullify any laws they deemed
unconstitutional. They were
written in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts and were passed by the
Virginia and Kentucky
legislatures.
States’
Rights: The
notion that the rights of individual states are more important than those of the
federal government, which was supported by the Jeffersonian Republican
party.
Virginia
Plan: Suggested
by James Madison and also known as the Large State Plan, it was a replacement
for the Articles of Confederation that involved states being represented in
Congress based on their population.
It included a bicameral legislature in which the Senate controlled
foreign affairs and had the ability to tax
citizens.
3/5
Compromise: An
agreement between the southern states (who wanted slaves’ votes to count) and
northern states (who didn’t want slaves to vote) that allowed the vote of 5
slaves to be counted as 3 votes.
Anti-Federalists:
The
early opposition to the Federalist Party.
It was not a unified group, and represented a variety of social
interests. The anti-Federalists
believed that the Constitution granted too much power to federal government and
weakened the autonomy of individual states.
Judicial
Review: A
policy that gave federal courts the power to intervene in the decisions of state
courts and determine the constitutionality of
decision.
Implied Powers:
Intercourse
Act: This
act stated that the government would regulate trade and interaction with Indian
peoples, and created a federal licensing system for the purchasing of Indian
land (to prevent unauthorized purchases).
Jay’s
Treaty: An
agreement between the U.S. and Britain that secured the withdrawal of British
troops of America, limited trade between the U.S. and the British East and West
Indies, and gave each country“most favored nation” status (meaning each state
would benefit from trade with the other more than any other nation).
This was contested by Jefferson and the Republicans, who advocated for
positive relations with France.
Pinckney Treaty: An agreement between the U.S. and New
Spainthat established a border between the two nations’ property
along the 31stparallel.
The Federalists forced Congress to accept Jay’s Treaty before this treaty
could be ratified in 1796.
Quasi-War:
An
undeclared naval battle between the United
States and France
that lasted from 1797 to 1800.
John
Jay: The
chief justice of the Supreme Court, he later established Jay’s Treaty with
Britain.
Suffrage:
The
right to vote; it increased dramatically as a result of partisan
competition. Four states adopted
universal white male suffrage by 1800, and all others had reduced the property
ownership requirements to vote.
Questions