Morgan v. Virginia: Supreme Court case in which it was ruled that segregation on interstate buses was a burden on interstate commerce.
Congress of Racial Equality: Civil rights group formed in 1942 committed to nonviolent protests to segregation.
Jackie Robinson: Broke the color barrier in major league baseball when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, winning the rookie-of-the-year.
Bebop: A new form of jazz developed by black musicians that rebelled against traditional jazz and consisted of smaller groups with more complex rhythms and free-form.
Missouri v. ex. Rel. Gaines: Supreme Court case that ruled that the University of Missouri Law School must admit black students.
McLauren v. Oklahoma St.: Supreme Court case in which the court agreed with Thurgood Marshall that segregation created a “badge of inferiority”.
Thurgood Marshall: An influential lawyer during segregation and the first black man to serve on the United States Supreme Court.
Brown v. Board of Education: A collective group of court cases initiated by Thurgood Marshall that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and declared that segregation violated the Constitution.
Earl Warren: Appointed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during Brown v. Board of Education, he influenced the Court to come to a decision and declare segregation unconstitutional.
Montgomery Bus Boycott: A boycott of Montgomery buses initiated by Rosa Parks and led by Martin Luther King Jr. that succeeded in countering Montgomery’s bus segregation laws.
Rosa Parks: Refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus, beginning the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Southern Manifesto: A document from Southern States in 1956 that argued that the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education was unconstitutional.
Little Rock’s Central High School: An Arkansas school that attempted to resist integration (led by Governor Faubus). The black children had to be protected by the U.S. army.
Emmett Till: A 14-year-old black boy who was murdered after supposedly flirting with a white woman; this incident spurred the Civil Rights movement.
Martin Luther King Jr.: Leader of the Civil Rights movement and leader of the SCLC who admired Mohandas Ghandi and was murdered.
SCLC: (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Black civil rights organization founded by Martin Luther King, Jr. and other members of the church to promote nonviolent protest.
Sit-ins: A popular form of protest during the Civil Rights movement that was successfully initiated in Montgomery, and consisted of blacks simply occupying segregated areas for extended periods of time.
SNCC: (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) Black civil rights organization founded in 1960 that drew heavily on younger activists and college students in nonviolent protest.
Civil Rights Act of 1957: Authorized the attorney general to seek court injunctions to protect people denied their right to vote, created during the Eisenhower administration.
Freedom Rides: Groups of blacks rode trains around the country (specifically the South) to test the willingness of southern states to comply with non-segregation law, facing mob brutality and earning the issue of civil rights national publicity.
The Albany Movement: Coalition formed in 1961 of activists from SNCC and NAACP that protested for voting rights. The coalition eventually failed after many were imprisoned.
Robert Kennedy: Attorney General during the Kennedy administration, he was and influential civil rights activist, interfering in allowing the first black student into the University of Mississippi.
Letters from Birmingham Jail: A series of letters written by MLK to Birmingham clergy that were widely publicized and justified the protests in Birmingham.
Medgar Evers: Leader of the Mississippi NAACP who was shot and murdered, sparking the March on Washington.
March on Washington: 200,000 civil rights activists led by MLK marched to Washington in nonviolent protest. It was here that MLK gave the famous “I have a dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibited discrimination in public facilities, outlawed bias in federal assistance programs, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Freedom Summer: Voter registration effort in rural Mississippi organized by black and white civil rights workers (mainly the SNCC) in 1964.
Malcolm X: The most prominent spokesman of the National of Islam (which he later broke with), he criticized the efforts of the integrationist civil rights movement, insisting that blacks should separate from white society and influencing the Black Power movement.
Nation of Islam: Religious movement among black Americans that emphasized self-sufficiency, self-help, and separation from white society. An important member was Malcom X.
Elijah Muhammad: Founder of the Nation of Islam, he preached a doctrine of separation from white society.
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Legislation that overturned a variety of practices by which states systematically denied voter registration to minorities.
Mendez v. Westminster: A Supreme Court case in which the court upheld lower-court rulings that declared segregation of Mexican Americans unconstitutional.
”Operation Wetback”: An effort during the Eisenhower administration to remove illegal Mexican Americans from the United States, led by the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service).
House Concurrent Resolution 108: Allowed Congress to terminate a tribe as a political entity by passing legislation specific to that tribe. Over 60 tribes were terminated between 1954 and 1962. Termination ended in the 1960s.
NCAI: (National Congress of American Indians) Organization that condemned termination and called for a review of federal policies and a return to self-determination.
United States v. Wheeler: Reasserted the principle of “unique and limited” sovereignty, recognizing tribal independence everywhere except where limited by treaty.
National Indian Youth Council: An organization that tried to unite the causes of equality for individual Indians and special status for tribes, but faced difficult contradictions in these goals.
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: Abolished the national origins immigration quotas placed in the 1920s and substituted hemispheric quotas (120,000 from Western and 170,000 from Eastern).
Congress of Racial Equality: Civil rights group formed in 1942 committed to nonviolent protests to segregation.
Jackie Robinson: Broke the color barrier in major league baseball when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, winning the rookie-of-the-year.
Bebop: A new form of jazz developed by black musicians that rebelled against traditional jazz and consisted of smaller groups with more complex rhythms and free-form.
Missouri v. ex. Rel. Gaines: Supreme Court case that ruled that the University of Missouri Law School must admit black students.
McLauren v. Oklahoma St.: Supreme Court case in which the court agreed with Thurgood Marshall that segregation created a “badge of inferiority”.
Thurgood Marshall: An influential lawyer during segregation and the first black man to serve on the United States Supreme Court.
Brown v. Board of Education: A collective group of court cases initiated by Thurgood Marshall that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and declared that segregation violated the Constitution.
Earl Warren: Appointed the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during Brown v. Board of Education, he influenced the Court to come to a decision and declare segregation unconstitutional.
Montgomery Bus Boycott: A boycott of Montgomery buses initiated by Rosa Parks and led by Martin Luther King Jr. that succeeded in countering Montgomery’s bus segregation laws.
Rosa Parks: Refused to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus, beginning the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Southern Manifesto: A document from Southern States in 1956 that argued that the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education was unconstitutional.
Little Rock’s Central High School: An Arkansas school that attempted to resist integration (led by Governor Faubus). The black children had to be protected by the U.S. army.
Emmett Till: A 14-year-old black boy who was murdered after supposedly flirting with a white woman; this incident spurred the Civil Rights movement.
Martin Luther King Jr.: Leader of the Civil Rights movement and leader of the SCLC who admired Mohandas Ghandi and was murdered.
SCLC: (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) Black civil rights organization founded by Martin Luther King, Jr. and other members of the church to promote nonviolent protest.
Sit-ins: A popular form of protest during the Civil Rights movement that was successfully initiated in Montgomery, and consisted of blacks simply occupying segregated areas for extended periods of time.
SNCC: (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) Black civil rights organization founded in 1960 that drew heavily on younger activists and college students in nonviolent protest.
Civil Rights Act of 1957: Authorized the attorney general to seek court injunctions to protect people denied their right to vote, created during the Eisenhower administration.
Freedom Rides: Groups of blacks rode trains around the country (specifically the South) to test the willingness of southern states to comply with non-segregation law, facing mob brutality and earning the issue of civil rights national publicity.
The Albany Movement: Coalition formed in 1961 of activists from SNCC and NAACP that protested for voting rights. The coalition eventually failed after many were imprisoned.
Robert Kennedy: Attorney General during the Kennedy administration, he was and influential civil rights activist, interfering in allowing the first black student into the University of Mississippi.
Letters from Birmingham Jail: A series of letters written by MLK to Birmingham clergy that were widely publicized and justified the protests in Birmingham.
Medgar Evers: Leader of the Mississippi NAACP who was shot and murdered, sparking the March on Washington.
March on Washington: 200,000 civil rights activists led by MLK marched to Washington in nonviolent protest. It was here that MLK gave the famous “I have a dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibited discrimination in public facilities, outlawed bias in federal assistance programs, and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Freedom Summer: Voter registration effort in rural Mississippi organized by black and white civil rights workers (mainly the SNCC) in 1964.
Malcolm X: The most prominent spokesman of the National of Islam (which he later broke with), he criticized the efforts of the integrationist civil rights movement, insisting that blacks should separate from white society and influencing the Black Power movement.
Nation of Islam: Religious movement among black Americans that emphasized self-sufficiency, self-help, and separation from white society. An important member was Malcom X.
Elijah Muhammad: Founder of the Nation of Islam, he preached a doctrine of separation from white society.
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Legislation that overturned a variety of practices by which states systematically denied voter registration to minorities.
Mendez v. Westminster: A Supreme Court case in which the court upheld lower-court rulings that declared segregation of Mexican Americans unconstitutional.
”Operation Wetback”: An effort during the Eisenhower administration to remove illegal Mexican Americans from the United States, led by the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service).
House Concurrent Resolution 108: Allowed Congress to terminate a tribe as a political entity by passing legislation specific to that tribe. Over 60 tribes were terminated between 1954 and 1962. Termination ended in the 1960s.
NCAI: (National Congress of American Indians) Organization that condemned termination and called for a review of federal policies and a return to self-determination.
United States v. Wheeler: Reasserted the principle of “unique and limited” sovereignty, recognizing tribal independence everywhere except where limited by treaty.
National Indian Youth Council: An organization that tried to unite the causes of equality for individual Indians and special status for tribes, but faced difficult contradictions in these goals.
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965: Abolished the national origins immigration quotas placed in the 1920s and substituted hemispheric quotas (120,000 from Western and 170,000 from Eastern).