Bretton Woods: The location in New Hampshire of a meeting among representatives of 44 nations that established the IMF and World Bank in 1944.
International Monetary Fund: An organization founded in 1945 to aid countries in maintaining stable currencies.
World Bank: (a.k.a. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) Created to revive international trade after WWII, it used money from member nations to provide loans to governments for economic stimulation projects.
United Nations: An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security.
Cold War: Confrontation between the United States and Soviet Union from 1946 to 1989 that depended on a nuclear arms race and conflicting interests in Asia.
Truman Doctrine: Pronounced that the United States should aid other nations that were facing pressure, specifically in reference to the eradication of communism.
Harry S. Truman: Succeeded the presidency after FDR and was elected in 1948, he served as the president during the Cold War. He was known for his anti-communist foreign policy.
George F. Kennan: Foreign-policy adviser to Truman, he insisted that the Soviet Union would attempt “subversion” within other countries to extend their communist realm.
George C. Marshall: Secretary of States under Truman and namesake of the Marshall Plan.
Marshall Plan: An economic recovery plan for Europe that sought to restore European prosperity after WWII and reinstate trade with the U.S.
GATT: (General Agreement on Tariffs And Trade) Reduced commercial barriers in 17 European nations and opened them to U.S. investment and trade
Berlin Blockade: A Soviet blockade of parts of eastern Berlin denying American, British, and French access for 300 days. Truman launched Operation Vittles to bring in supplies through air.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: A treaty of defense among 10 European countries, the U.S., and Canada that complemented the Marshall Plan, strengthening economic ties.
Council of Economic Advisers: A board of economists to aid the president in forming policies to maintain employment, production, and purchasing power in 1946.
Taft-Hartley Act: Act passed in 1947 that limited the tools available to labor unions, including closed shop and the secondary boycott.
Strom Thurmond: Ran for president in the 1948 election on the “Dixiecrat”, or states’ rights, ticket.
“Dixiecrats”: Political party that stood for states’ rights Democrats and was represented by Strom Thurmond in the election of 1948.
Fair Deal: Truman’s plan to extend the New Deal that broke no new ground. Congress passed a Housing Act to promote house construction, raised the minimum wage, and expand the Social Security program.
Joseph McCarthy: A Republican senator for Wisconsin who was known for his claims that he had evidence of conspiracies and was fiercely anti-communist.
J. Edgar Hoover: Director of the FBI who used exaggerated words to portray the severity of the communist problem in America.
NSC: (National Security Council) Formed in 1947 to coordinate national defense and foreign relations, consisting of the president, secretary of defense, secretary of state, and others.
National Security Act of 1947: Established the National Security Council, National Security Resources Board, Central Intelligence Agency, and Department of Defense.
Central Intelligence Agency: Organization formed in 1947 that coordinates the gathering and evaluation of military and economic information regarding foreign nations.
Department of Defense: Replaced the War Department and placed the armed forces under the command of the secretary of defense. This brought the military and the State department closer together.
McCarran Act: (a.k.a. Internal Security Act) Required Communist organizations to register with the government and authorized the arrest of their members during a time of emergency.
House Un-American Activities Committee: Organization founded in 1945 to root out pro-Fascists that later investigated propaganda against the government or anything deemed “un-American”.
Alger Hiss: A former member of FDR’s state department who was accused by Whittaker Chambers of being an underground Communist and was charged with 5 years in jail, after which he proclaimed his innocence.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: A government engineer and his wife who were accused of conveying atomic secrets to the Soviet government and who eventually were put to the electric chair.
McCarthyism: The idea of anti-Communism that included strategies such as those used by Joseph McCarthy, including smear tactics and blackmail.
Arthur Miller: Playwright during the Cold War that wrote Death of a Salesman.
J.D. Salinger: Author of Catcher in Rye.
The Invasion of the Body Snatchers: A Hollywood film depicting an alien invasion that fed popular belief of UFO sightings.
Benjamin Spock: Author of Baby and Child Care, advising women to devote themselves to their maternal responsibilities rather than the workplace.
G.I. Bill: Legislation that provided education and employment benefits for returning WWII veterans.
Chiang Kai-shek: Leader of the Nationalist party in China which collapsed, forcing the party to retreat to Taiwan.
Mao Zedong: Leader of the communist People’s Republic of China who had the support of the Chinese countryside.
People’s Republic of China: Overthrew the Nationalist party in China under the leadership of Mao Zedong, causing an uproar in the U.S. (Truman was blamed by Republicans).
Korean War: War in East Asia with American troops led by MacArthur. The war ended in a relative stalemate when Chinese troops entered, and Korea remained divided.
38th Parallel: The line along which Korea was divided (North and South Korea) both before and after the Korean War.
NSC-68: A policy released by the National Security Council that demonized communism and pledged the United States to a militaristic approach to the Cold War. This was utilized by Truman during the Korean War.
Voice of America: Radio station that broadcasted anti-Communist material, referred to as the “Campaign of Truth”.
Election of 1952: Dwight Eisenhower (R) was victorious over Truman (D). His campaign was known as Korea, Communism, and Corruption.
Dwight Eisenhower: Republican candidate that won the election of 1952, he aggressively campaigned against Truman and for peace in Korea.
Warsaw Pact: Formed by the Soviet Union in response to NATO, it included east Germany.
International Monetary Fund: An organization founded in 1945 to aid countries in maintaining stable currencies.
World Bank: (a.k.a. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) Created to revive international trade after WWII, it used money from member nations to provide loans to governments for economic stimulation projects.
United Nations: An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security.
Cold War: Confrontation between the United States and Soviet Union from 1946 to 1989 that depended on a nuclear arms race and conflicting interests in Asia.
Truman Doctrine: Pronounced that the United States should aid other nations that were facing pressure, specifically in reference to the eradication of communism.
Harry S. Truman: Succeeded the presidency after FDR and was elected in 1948, he served as the president during the Cold War. He was known for his anti-communist foreign policy.
George F. Kennan: Foreign-policy adviser to Truman, he insisted that the Soviet Union would attempt “subversion” within other countries to extend their communist realm.
George C. Marshall: Secretary of States under Truman and namesake of the Marshall Plan.
Marshall Plan: An economic recovery plan for Europe that sought to restore European prosperity after WWII and reinstate trade with the U.S.
GATT: (General Agreement on Tariffs And Trade) Reduced commercial barriers in 17 European nations and opened them to U.S. investment and trade
Berlin Blockade: A Soviet blockade of parts of eastern Berlin denying American, British, and French access for 300 days. Truman launched Operation Vittles to bring in supplies through air.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: A treaty of defense among 10 European countries, the U.S., and Canada that complemented the Marshall Plan, strengthening economic ties.
Council of Economic Advisers: A board of economists to aid the president in forming policies to maintain employment, production, and purchasing power in 1946.
Taft-Hartley Act: Act passed in 1947 that limited the tools available to labor unions, including closed shop and the secondary boycott.
Strom Thurmond: Ran for president in the 1948 election on the “Dixiecrat”, or states’ rights, ticket.
“Dixiecrats”: Political party that stood for states’ rights Democrats and was represented by Strom Thurmond in the election of 1948.
Fair Deal: Truman’s plan to extend the New Deal that broke no new ground. Congress passed a Housing Act to promote house construction, raised the minimum wage, and expand the Social Security program.
Joseph McCarthy: A Republican senator for Wisconsin who was known for his claims that he had evidence of conspiracies and was fiercely anti-communist.
J. Edgar Hoover: Director of the FBI who used exaggerated words to portray the severity of the communist problem in America.
NSC: (National Security Council) Formed in 1947 to coordinate national defense and foreign relations, consisting of the president, secretary of defense, secretary of state, and others.
National Security Act of 1947: Established the National Security Council, National Security Resources Board, Central Intelligence Agency, and Department of Defense.
Central Intelligence Agency: Organization formed in 1947 that coordinates the gathering and evaluation of military and economic information regarding foreign nations.
Department of Defense: Replaced the War Department and placed the armed forces under the command of the secretary of defense. This brought the military and the State department closer together.
McCarran Act: (a.k.a. Internal Security Act) Required Communist organizations to register with the government and authorized the arrest of their members during a time of emergency.
House Un-American Activities Committee: Organization founded in 1945 to root out pro-Fascists that later investigated propaganda against the government or anything deemed “un-American”.
Alger Hiss: A former member of FDR’s state department who was accused by Whittaker Chambers of being an underground Communist and was charged with 5 years in jail, after which he proclaimed his innocence.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: A government engineer and his wife who were accused of conveying atomic secrets to the Soviet government and who eventually were put to the electric chair.
McCarthyism: The idea of anti-Communism that included strategies such as those used by Joseph McCarthy, including smear tactics and blackmail.
Arthur Miller: Playwright during the Cold War that wrote Death of a Salesman.
J.D. Salinger: Author of Catcher in Rye.
The Invasion of the Body Snatchers: A Hollywood film depicting an alien invasion that fed popular belief of UFO sightings.
Benjamin Spock: Author of Baby and Child Care, advising women to devote themselves to their maternal responsibilities rather than the workplace.
G.I. Bill: Legislation that provided education and employment benefits for returning WWII veterans.
Chiang Kai-shek: Leader of the Nationalist party in China which collapsed, forcing the party to retreat to Taiwan.
Mao Zedong: Leader of the communist People’s Republic of China who had the support of the Chinese countryside.
People’s Republic of China: Overthrew the Nationalist party in China under the leadership of Mao Zedong, causing an uproar in the U.S. (Truman was blamed by Republicans).
Korean War: War in East Asia with American troops led by MacArthur. The war ended in a relative stalemate when Chinese troops entered, and Korea remained divided.
38th Parallel: The line along which Korea was divided (North and South Korea) both before and after the Korean War.
NSC-68: A policy released by the National Security Council that demonized communism and pledged the United States to a militaristic approach to the Cold War. This was utilized by Truman during the Korean War.
Voice of America: Radio station that broadcasted anti-Communist material, referred to as the “Campaign of Truth”.
Election of 1952: Dwight Eisenhower (R) was victorious over Truman (D). His campaign was known as Korea, Communism, and Corruption.
Dwight Eisenhower: Republican candidate that won the election of 1952, he aggressively campaigned against Truman and for peace in Korea.
Warsaw Pact: Formed by the Soviet Union in response to NATO, it included east Germany.