“Second Industrial Revolution”: A period of time which saw innovations in technological efficiency that improved industrial output without the need for increased labor force.
Open Shop: A system in which a company hired all workers regardless of whether they are in a union, but was rarely equal in practice.
Assembly Line: A technique of industrial production used by Henry Ford that involved each worker performing one step of the operation that led to increased efficiency.
“Roaring Twenties”: A name given to the 1920s that reflects both the cultural and economic innovations of the era.
New York Daily News: Founded by Joseph Patterson, it was the first newspaper to develop the tabloid style. It utilized pictures and became very popular.
“The Charleston”: A popular dance spread by the music of the phonograph.
Charles Lindbergh: Completed the first transatlantic airplane flight in 1927, the landing of which was popularized by new forms of media.
Jazz: A new form of music that was rhythmically complex and adopted by flappers.
“Speakeasy”: A location for the sale of illegal alcohol after the Volstead Act.
The Passing of the Great Race: A book by Madison Grant that argued that Mediterranean and Jewish people threatened to ruin the Nordic race that he believed made America superior.
Ozawa v. U.S.: A Supreme Court case that upheld the Immigration Act stating that Japanese were racially ineligible for U.S. citizenship.
Scopes “Monkey” Trial: A highly publicized trial where a biology teacher challenged the teaching of Darwinism. The jury convicted Scopes but the case was thrown out on a technicality. The case emphasized the appeal of fundamentalism to some Americans.
Albert Fall: The beneficiary of the Teapot Dome Scandal. He became the first cabinet officer (Secretary of the Interior) to go to jail.
Calvin Coolidge: Easily winning the election of 1924, he believed in as little government as possible. His primary goal was to clear the way for business, which he valued highly, reducing federal spending and lowering taxes.
League of Women Voters: An organization stemming from NAWSA that advocated women’s rights, encouraging for women to increasingly participate in society.
Harlem Renaissance: A movement of African American cultural awareness that thrived in literature, art and music.
F. Scott Fitzgerald: An extremely influential novelist who distrusted American prosperity and politics and celebrated the “Jazz Age”. His works include The Great Gatsby and The Side of Paradise.
Sacco and Vanzetti: Two Italian immigrants who were charged with murder. Their trial and eventual conviction displayed the nativist and antiimigrant nature of the court system.
Al Smith: Democratic nominee for the election of 1928 (lost to Hoover), he served as governor of New York and fused machine politics with reform (sympathized with working class) to solve social problems.
Oligopoly: The control of the market by a few large producers. This became normal in the 1920s.
Middletown: A community study of the impact of the car on the social life of people living in Muncie, Indiana.
Model T: The revolutionary car that was mass produced by Henry Ford and made available to the common working American.
The Jazz Singer: The first movie to successfully introduce sound, starring Al Jolson
Tabloid: A popular style of newspaper adopted by The New York Daily News that consisted of folded-in pages, pictures, and a lively reporting style.
“Babe” Ruth: The biggest star in baseball. He personified the new type of celebrity athlete that was to become popular in the 1920s.
Al Capone: A well-known organized crime figure from Chicago who became a celebrity. He was covered heavily in mass media and made his fortune with bootlegged liquor.
Prohibition: The ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol which provided a huge boost to organized crime and was later repealed by the Twenty First Amendment.
Twenty First Amendment: Repealed prohibition.
Immigration Act: Act passed in 1921 that restricted the number of immigrants per year to 357,000 (3 percent of each European country’s natives currently in the U.S.).
Ku Klux Klan: An organization that started out as a group of white racial terror and later, gaining membership, claimed to represent small town Protestant America and white supremacy.
Warren Harding: An underqualified president elected in 1920 who surrounded himself with a close circle of friends to whom he gave administrative power. There is a legacy of corruption during his presidency.
Teapot Dome Scandal: Albert Fall received payoffs when he leased navy oil reserves in Teapot dome, Wyoming to two private oil developers during the Harding presidency.
Herbert Hoover: Secretary of commerce during the Harding and Coolidge presidencies, he was elected president in 1928. He valued individualism and efficiency and sought to actively assist the business community.
Marcus Garvey: A prominent black nationalist from Jamaica, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He attempted to create the Black Star Line, but was found guilty of mail fraud and deported.
Gertrude Stein: A Jewish-American author who lived most of her life in France. She coined the phrase “a lost generation” that came to represent Americans of the post-war era.
H.L. Mencken: An essayist and editor of the American Mercury, he criticized fundamentalists, Prohibition, and nativists.
“The Fugitives”: A group of poets and scholars from Vanderbilt who opposed industrial progress in favor of older agrarian ideals.
Welfare Capitalism: Programs implemented by companies to improve worker well-being and morale, designed to combat the power of trade unions.
Henry Ford: Inventor of the assembly line and owner of the Ford Motor Company.
McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill: A system designed to stabilize farm prices in which the government would purchase surplus until prices rose. President Coolidge vetoed the bill.
KDKA: One of the first radio stations, it broadcasted nightly.
Phonograph: A device that could record and replay music and inspired dance crazes. Record sales exceeded 100 million annually at their peak.
Negro League: Created after African Americans were excluded from major league baseball.
Flapper: Rebellious girls who enjoyed personal pleasure, jazz, heavy makeup, and cigarette smoking.
Volstead Act: Established a Federal Prohibition Bureau to enforce the 18th Amendment.
Immigration Restriction League: Founded by a group of Harvard graduates, it used flawed scientific arguments to support the restriction of immigration.
Johnson-Reed Immigration Act: Revised the quotas of the Immigration Act to 164,000 immigrants per year.
The Birth of a Nation: A racist film by D.W. Griffith that presented the original KKK as heroic.
Harry Daugherty: Attorney General under President Harding who was involved in corruption, receiving bribes and failing to investigate graft.
Andrew Mellon: Secretary of the treasury under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover and one of the richest men in America. He believed the government should be run on the same principles as a corporation and advocated cuts in government spending.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: Also known as the Pact of Paris, it renounced war on principle grandly.
Langston Hughes: A prominent poet of the Harlem Renaissance.
Ernest Hemingway: A well-known novelist who depicted war in a jaded tone and enduring life with dignity. He wrote A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises.
Sinclair Lewis: Most acclaimed novelist of the 1920s who focused on satire. His works include Main Street and Babbit.
Election of 1928: Republican Herbert Hoover was elected over Democrat Alfred Smith.
Open Shop: A system in which a company hired all workers regardless of whether they are in a union, but was rarely equal in practice.
Assembly Line: A technique of industrial production used by Henry Ford that involved each worker performing one step of the operation that led to increased efficiency.
“Roaring Twenties”: A name given to the 1920s that reflects both the cultural and economic innovations of the era.
New York Daily News: Founded by Joseph Patterson, it was the first newspaper to develop the tabloid style. It utilized pictures and became very popular.
“The Charleston”: A popular dance spread by the music of the phonograph.
Charles Lindbergh: Completed the first transatlantic airplane flight in 1927, the landing of which was popularized by new forms of media.
Jazz: A new form of music that was rhythmically complex and adopted by flappers.
“Speakeasy”: A location for the sale of illegal alcohol after the Volstead Act.
The Passing of the Great Race: A book by Madison Grant that argued that Mediterranean and Jewish people threatened to ruin the Nordic race that he believed made America superior.
Ozawa v. U.S.: A Supreme Court case that upheld the Immigration Act stating that Japanese were racially ineligible for U.S. citizenship.
Scopes “Monkey” Trial: A highly publicized trial where a biology teacher challenged the teaching of Darwinism. The jury convicted Scopes but the case was thrown out on a technicality. The case emphasized the appeal of fundamentalism to some Americans.
Albert Fall: The beneficiary of the Teapot Dome Scandal. He became the first cabinet officer (Secretary of the Interior) to go to jail.
Calvin Coolidge: Easily winning the election of 1924, he believed in as little government as possible. His primary goal was to clear the way for business, which he valued highly, reducing federal spending and lowering taxes.
League of Women Voters: An organization stemming from NAWSA that advocated women’s rights, encouraging for women to increasingly participate in society.
Harlem Renaissance: A movement of African American cultural awareness that thrived in literature, art and music.
F. Scott Fitzgerald: An extremely influential novelist who distrusted American prosperity and politics and celebrated the “Jazz Age”. His works include The Great Gatsby and The Side of Paradise.
Sacco and Vanzetti: Two Italian immigrants who were charged with murder. Their trial and eventual conviction displayed the nativist and antiimigrant nature of the court system.
Al Smith: Democratic nominee for the election of 1928 (lost to Hoover), he served as governor of New York and fused machine politics with reform (sympathized with working class) to solve social problems.
Oligopoly: The control of the market by a few large producers. This became normal in the 1920s.
Middletown: A community study of the impact of the car on the social life of people living in Muncie, Indiana.
Model T: The revolutionary car that was mass produced by Henry Ford and made available to the common working American.
The Jazz Singer: The first movie to successfully introduce sound, starring Al Jolson
Tabloid: A popular style of newspaper adopted by The New York Daily News that consisted of folded-in pages, pictures, and a lively reporting style.
“Babe” Ruth: The biggest star in baseball. He personified the new type of celebrity athlete that was to become popular in the 1920s.
Al Capone: A well-known organized crime figure from Chicago who became a celebrity. He was covered heavily in mass media and made his fortune with bootlegged liquor.
Prohibition: The ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol which provided a huge boost to organized crime and was later repealed by the Twenty First Amendment.
Twenty First Amendment: Repealed prohibition.
Immigration Act: Act passed in 1921 that restricted the number of immigrants per year to 357,000 (3 percent of each European country’s natives currently in the U.S.).
Ku Klux Klan: An organization that started out as a group of white racial terror and later, gaining membership, claimed to represent small town Protestant America and white supremacy.
Warren Harding: An underqualified president elected in 1920 who surrounded himself with a close circle of friends to whom he gave administrative power. There is a legacy of corruption during his presidency.
Teapot Dome Scandal: Albert Fall received payoffs when he leased navy oil reserves in Teapot dome, Wyoming to two private oil developers during the Harding presidency.
Herbert Hoover: Secretary of commerce during the Harding and Coolidge presidencies, he was elected president in 1928. He valued individualism and efficiency and sought to actively assist the business community.
Marcus Garvey: A prominent black nationalist from Jamaica, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association. He attempted to create the Black Star Line, but was found guilty of mail fraud and deported.
Gertrude Stein: A Jewish-American author who lived most of her life in France. She coined the phrase “a lost generation” that came to represent Americans of the post-war era.
H.L. Mencken: An essayist and editor of the American Mercury, he criticized fundamentalists, Prohibition, and nativists.
“The Fugitives”: A group of poets and scholars from Vanderbilt who opposed industrial progress in favor of older agrarian ideals.
Welfare Capitalism: Programs implemented by companies to improve worker well-being and morale, designed to combat the power of trade unions.
Henry Ford: Inventor of the assembly line and owner of the Ford Motor Company.
McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill: A system designed to stabilize farm prices in which the government would purchase surplus until prices rose. President Coolidge vetoed the bill.
KDKA: One of the first radio stations, it broadcasted nightly.
Phonograph: A device that could record and replay music and inspired dance crazes. Record sales exceeded 100 million annually at their peak.
Negro League: Created after African Americans were excluded from major league baseball.
Flapper: Rebellious girls who enjoyed personal pleasure, jazz, heavy makeup, and cigarette smoking.
Volstead Act: Established a Federal Prohibition Bureau to enforce the 18th Amendment.
Immigration Restriction League: Founded by a group of Harvard graduates, it used flawed scientific arguments to support the restriction of immigration.
Johnson-Reed Immigration Act: Revised the quotas of the Immigration Act to 164,000 immigrants per year.
The Birth of a Nation: A racist film by D.W. Griffith that presented the original KKK as heroic.
Harry Daugherty: Attorney General under President Harding who was involved in corruption, receiving bribes and failing to investigate graft.
Andrew Mellon: Secretary of the treasury under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover and one of the richest men in America. He believed the government should be run on the same principles as a corporation and advocated cuts in government spending.
Kellogg-Briand Pact: Also known as the Pact of Paris, it renounced war on principle grandly.
Langston Hughes: A prominent poet of the Harlem Renaissance.
Ernest Hemingway: A well-known novelist who depicted war in a jaded tone and enduring life with dignity. He wrote A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises.
Sinclair Lewis: Most acclaimed novelist of the 1920s who focused on satire. His works include Main Street and Babbit.
Election of 1928: Republican Herbert Hoover was elected over Democrat Alfred Smith.