Jane Addams: One of the leaders of the settlement house movement, she founded Hull House in Chicago after graduating from Rockford College.
Progressive Era: A period of time in the United States from 1900 to 1917 in which a variety of reform movements took place.
Initiative: A policy that originated in Oregon, it was the procedure by which citizens can introduce a subject for direct vote through a petition.
Muckraking: The act of seeking out the negative aspects of society and dramatizing them in a published work; also known as “exposure journalism”.
McClure’s: America’s first large-circulation magazine, it was very cheap, combined popular fiction with serious articles, and later included muckraking articles. It inspired imitators such as Cosmopolitan, Collier’s, and Everybody’s.
Upton Sinclair: Author of the muckraking novel, The Jungle, which exposed the filthy sanitation and working conditions of the Chicago stockyards.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.: A dissenter of the tradition of courts to use the Fourteenth Amendment to strike down laws regulating business and labor conditions. He believed the law had to take changing social conditions into account and was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1902.
Anti-Saloon League: An organization that promoted prohibition, arguing that it would protect family structure and reduce crime rate. It organized local campaigns with financial support from local businessmen (less alcohol = higher productivity), and it succeeded in pushing six states to ban alcohol by 1909.
Barrios: Communities of Mexicans who had migrated to America due to economic and political crisis in Mexico. They were generally vastly underpaid.
“Bohemian”: A term that refers to people that lived with a disregard for conventional society and generally had intellectual aspirations.
The Souls of Black Folk: A book by W.E.B. Du Bois that outlined the problem of race at the turn of the century and stated that African American culture is a source of strength.
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – an interracial organization supported by W.E.B. Du Bois that fought for political and social equality.
Food and Drug Act: Established the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), which tested and approved drugs and food before they were allowed to be sold.
New Freedom: The campaign policy of Woodrow Wilson in the election of 1912, which emphasized restoring competition through limiting government intervention and restricting the influences of trusts.
Clayton Antitrust Act: The act that replaced the Sherman Antitrust Act and protected unions and strikers from federal courts, while still monitoring trusts.
Keating-Owen Act: An act signed by Woodrow Wilson that prohibited children under 14 from working in businesses that engaged in interstate commerce.
Hull House: Founded by Jane Addams in Chicago, it was one of the first settlement houses, including a nursery, a stock of medicines, a boardinghouse, an art gallery, and a music school.
Prohibition: A ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol. This was the primary goal of the Anti-Saloon League.
Referendum: A policy that originated in Oregon, it was the submission of a law to direct popular vote.
Jacob Riis: A journalist and author of How the Other Half Lives.
Lincoln Steffens: Author of The Shame of the Cities, which was a series in McClure’s that detailed corruption in urban politics.
The Jungle: Written by Upton Sinclair, it was a muckraking novel that exposed the filthy sanitation and working conditions of the Chicago stockyards.
Lochner v. New York: A Supreme Court case in which the court struck down the law limiting the workday for bakers to 10 hours. The decision was vehemently opposed by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
“The Social Evil”: Prostitution. During this time period, many organizations rallied to end “commercialized vice”. Many large brothels were closed, pushing prostitution to the streets.
Triangle Shirtwaist Company: A company made famous when its building was set on fire, killing 146 girls who were locked inside. This tragic event led to a series of state laws improving safety conditions.
Margaret Sanger: Promoted birth control techniques on a national scale, and was thrown in jail multiple times.
Niagara Movement: A movement began by W.E.B. Du Bois that protested the segregation, inability to vote, and the denial of voting rights to blacks.
Northern Securities v. U.S.: A case in which the Supreme Court found this giant merger of railway companies was an illegal combination and restrained interstate commerce.
John Muir: The founder of the modern environmentalist movement, he argued that America’s wilderness should be preserved.
Sixteenth Amendment: Authorized a federal income tax. This was utilized by President Woodrow Wilson, who imposed a graduated income tax.
FTC: Federal Trade Commission – it had regulatory control over large businesses, similar to the ICC’s control of railroads.
Underwood-Simmons Act: An act passed under Woodrow Wilson that significantly reduced the tariff.
Florence Kelley: A social reformer who helped to direct the support of the settlement home movement after visiting Hull House. She also helped to create the New York Child Labor Committee and the U.S. Children’s Bureau.
Robert La Follette: A leader of the progressive faction in Wisconsin, he won three terms as governor. He passed laws raising corporate tax rates, improving the civil service code, and implementing a direct primary.
Recall: A policy that originated in Oregon, it was the process by which elected officials could be removed from office by popular vote.
How the Other Half Lives: A book by Jacob Riis that painted a vivid picture of New York City’s poor, including photographs. It greatly influenced many urban reformers.
Ida Tarbell: Author of History of the Standard Oil Company, which described the unfair business practices and corruption of John D. Rockefeller.
Lester Frank Ward: Author of Dynamic Sociology, which criticized social Darwinism, arguing that the evolutionary theory had been wrongly applied to human affairs.
Muller v. Oregon: A Supreme Court case in which the court upheld an Oregon law limiting the work day for women to 10 hours. The strategy of sociological jurisprudence (amassing data to support his arguments rather than using traditional arguments) was first used in this case.
“Nickelodeon”: A type of theater that was very cheap, available, and popular to the working class, and gradually the middle class as the films became more sophisticated.
Wobblies: A popular term that referred to members of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World).
Up from Slavery: The autobiography of Booker T. Washington that stressed the values of frugality and personal morality.
Theodore Roosevelt: Elected president in 1904 (after having served 3 years after President McKinley was assassinated). He was the youngest man to ever hold office as president, preached the value of “the strenuous life”, and ran in the election of 1912 for the Progressive Party.
Hepburn Act: Strengthened the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) by allowing it to inspect the financial records of and set maximum rates for railroads.
Election of 1912: The election in which Woodrow Wilson was victorious over Taft, Roosevelt, and Debs. This was the first modern presidential race because it featured the first direct primaries.
Federal Reserve Act: An act that created 12 Federal Reserve Banks, helping the government to regulate the amount of currency in circulation and diminishing the power of private banks.
Woodrow Wilson: A Democrat elected president in 1912, he followed the lead of Roosevelt by using his position for activism, though he was cautious on social issues.
Progressive Era: A period of time in the United States from 1900 to 1917 in which a variety of reform movements took place.
Initiative: A policy that originated in Oregon, it was the procedure by which citizens can introduce a subject for direct vote through a petition.
Muckraking: The act of seeking out the negative aspects of society and dramatizing them in a published work; also known as “exposure journalism”.
McClure’s: America’s first large-circulation magazine, it was very cheap, combined popular fiction with serious articles, and later included muckraking articles. It inspired imitators such as Cosmopolitan, Collier’s, and Everybody’s.
Upton Sinclair: Author of the muckraking novel, The Jungle, which exposed the filthy sanitation and working conditions of the Chicago stockyards.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.: A dissenter of the tradition of courts to use the Fourteenth Amendment to strike down laws regulating business and labor conditions. He believed the law had to take changing social conditions into account and was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1902.
Anti-Saloon League: An organization that promoted prohibition, arguing that it would protect family structure and reduce crime rate. It organized local campaigns with financial support from local businessmen (less alcohol = higher productivity), and it succeeded in pushing six states to ban alcohol by 1909.
Barrios: Communities of Mexicans who had migrated to America due to economic and political crisis in Mexico. They were generally vastly underpaid.
“Bohemian”: A term that refers to people that lived with a disregard for conventional society and generally had intellectual aspirations.
The Souls of Black Folk: A book by W.E.B. Du Bois that outlined the problem of race at the turn of the century and stated that African American culture is a source of strength.
NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – an interracial organization supported by W.E.B. Du Bois that fought for political and social equality.
Food and Drug Act: Established the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), which tested and approved drugs and food before they were allowed to be sold.
New Freedom: The campaign policy of Woodrow Wilson in the election of 1912, which emphasized restoring competition through limiting government intervention and restricting the influences of trusts.
Clayton Antitrust Act: The act that replaced the Sherman Antitrust Act and protected unions and strikers from federal courts, while still monitoring trusts.
Keating-Owen Act: An act signed by Woodrow Wilson that prohibited children under 14 from working in businesses that engaged in interstate commerce.
Hull House: Founded by Jane Addams in Chicago, it was one of the first settlement houses, including a nursery, a stock of medicines, a boardinghouse, an art gallery, and a music school.
Prohibition: A ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol. This was the primary goal of the Anti-Saloon League.
Referendum: A policy that originated in Oregon, it was the submission of a law to direct popular vote.
Jacob Riis: A journalist and author of How the Other Half Lives.
Lincoln Steffens: Author of The Shame of the Cities, which was a series in McClure’s that detailed corruption in urban politics.
The Jungle: Written by Upton Sinclair, it was a muckraking novel that exposed the filthy sanitation and working conditions of the Chicago stockyards.
Lochner v. New York: A Supreme Court case in which the court struck down the law limiting the workday for bakers to 10 hours. The decision was vehemently opposed by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
“The Social Evil”: Prostitution. During this time period, many organizations rallied to end “commercialized vice”. Many large brothels were closed, pushing prostitution to the streets.
Triangle Shirtwaist Company: A company made famous when its building was set on fire, killing 146 girls who were locked inside. This tragic event led to a series of state laws improving safety conditions.
Margaret Sanger: Promoted birth control techniques on a national scale, and was thrown in jail multiple times.
Niagara Movement: A movement began by W.E.B. Du Bois that protested the segregation, inability to vote, and the denial of voting rights to blacks.
Northern Securities v. U.S.: A case in which the Supreme Court found this giant merger of railway companies was an illegal combination and restrained interstate commerce.
John Muir: The founder of the modern environmentalist movement, he argued that America’s wilderness should be preserved.
Sixteenth Amendment: Authorized a federal income tax. This was utilized by President Woodrow Wilson, who imposed a graduated income tax.
FTC: Federal Trade Commission – it had regulatory control over large businesses, similar to the ICC’s control of railroads.
Underwood-Simmons Act: An act passed under Woodrow Wilson that significantly reduced the tariff.
Florence Kelley: A social reformer who helped to direct the support of the settlement home movement after visiting Hull House. She also helped to create the New York Child Labor Committee and the U.S. Children’s Bureau.
Robert La Follette: A leader of the progressive faction in Wisconsin, he won three terms as governor. He passed laws raising corporate tax rates, improving the civil service code, and implementing a direct primary.
Recall: A policy that originated in Oregon, it was the process by which elected officials could be removed from office by popular vote.
How the Other Half Lives: A book by Jacob Riis that painted a vivid picture of New York City’s poor, including photographs. It greatly influenced many urban reformers.
Ida Tarbell: Author of History of the Standard Oil Company, which described the unfair business practices and corruption of John D. Rockefeller.
Lester Frank Ward: Author of Dynamic Sociology, which criticized social Darwinism, arguing that the evolutionary theory had been wrongly applied to human affairs.
Muller v. Oregon: A Supreme Court case in which the court upheld an Oregon law limiting the work day for women to 10 hours. The strategy of sociological jurisprudence (amassing data to support his arguments rather than using traditional arguments) was first used in this case.
“Nickelodeon”: A type of theater that was very cheap, available, and popular to the working class, and gradually the middle class as the films became more sophisticated.
Wobblies: A popular term that referred to members of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World).
Up from Slavery: The autobiography of Booker T. Washington that stressed the values of frugality and personal morality.
Theodore Roosevelt: Elected president in 1904 (after having served 3 years after President McKinley was assassinated). He was the youngest man to ever hold office as president, preached the value of “the strenuous life”, and ran in the election of 1912 for the Progressive Party.
Hepburn Act: Strengthened the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) by allowing it to inspect the financial records of and set maximum rates for railroads.
Election of 1912: The election in which Woodrow Wilson was victorious over Taft, Roosevelt, and Debs. This was the first modern presidential race because it featured the first direct primaries.
Federal Reserve Act: An act that created 12 Federal Reserve Banks, helping the government to regulate the amount of currency in circulation and diminishing the power of private banks.
Woodrow Wilson: A Democrat elected president in 1912, he followed the lead of Roosevelt by using his position for activism, though he was cautious on social issues.
Questions