Workingmen’s Party: Founded in
Philadelphia
in 1827, the members of this party advocated the rights of workers and promoted
the 10 hour working day and preservation of small artisanal
shops.
National Trades Union: Formed when several
GTUs (General Trades Unions) met in Baltimore. This organization criticized the
economic system for the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few elite
individuals. It organized strikes
and protests.
Tammany: An organization of artisans
started in the 1800s that became important to the organization of mass politics
in New York
City. It
was affiliated with the Democratic Party and used mass appeal to gain
votes.
Political machine/political boss: A system
in which a “boss” exchanged patronage or favors to those who cast their votes a
certain way. This encouraged
cronyism and corruption.
Charles Finney: Preached a doctrine of
“perfectionism”, which held that it was possible for all Christians to live by
God’s will and convert the whole world, creating a perfect moral and religious
community. He was president of
Oberlin
College, which was the most
liberal college of the time.
Lyman Beecher: A Congregationalist minister
who formed the General Union for Promoting the Observance of the Christian
Sabbath, and was the main proponent of sabbatarianism.
Horace Mann: The secretary of the
Massachusetts State Board of Education, he pioneered public education and the
uniformity of curriculum and teacher
training.
Temperance Movement: A movement that
advocated the elimination of the consumption of
alcohol.
Dorothea Dix: A female evangelist who was
horrified at the treatment of the insane and advocated insane asylums. By the end of her travels, 28 states
had insane asylums.
Seneca Falls Convention: Held in New Yorkin 1848, this was
the first convention for women’s
rights.
Declaration of Sentiments: Resolutions
passed at the Seneca Falls Convention that called for full female equality,
including suffrage.
Grimke sisters: Sisters who had left their
prominent slave-owning family on religious grounds and became the first renowned
female public speakers, testifying to the horrors of
slavery.
Edgar Allan Poe: A renowned author whose
inspiration for a few of his horror stories came from the crimes in American
cities.
Theodore Weld: Author of American
Slavery As It Is, which provided graphic details of the abuse of
slaves. He married Angelina
Grimke. He earned the title of
“Most Mobbed Man in the United States”for his frequent
controversial orations.
Shakers: Founded by Ann Lee in 1774, this
group advocated the abolishment of the traditional family in favor of a group of
people joined in equal fellowship where sex and marriage was
prohibited.
Oneida:
A community that practiced “complex marriage” in which sexual activity was
encouraged among all members. It
had a reputation of socialism which prohibited it from acquiring many new
members.
New
Harmony:
Founded by Scottish Robert Owen in 1825, it was designed to be a manufacturing
community without poverty, yet it survived only 3
years.
Joseph Smith: The founder of Mormonism who
claimed to have encounters with God.
He was killed by a mob after being jailed for advocating
polygamy.
Mormonism: A religion that gained
distinction for its unity and was made successful through its promotion of
cooperation and hard work. It
rapidly attracted members, yet also attracted
animosity.
Brigham Young: Led the Mormon community
after the death of Joseph Smith to the Great Salt
Lake.
American Colonization Society: An
organization formed in 1817 by northern religious reformers, primarily Quakers,
which called for the emancipation of slaves and their subsequent removal to
Africa.
David Walker: Author of Appeal
to the Colored Citizens of the World, a pamphlet that encouraged slave
rebellion in the South.
William L. Garrison: The leader of an
anti-slavery movement who condemned slavery as sinful and demanded its immediate
abolition. He would not settle for
compromise and demanded social equality for freed blacks.
With the aid of Theodore Weld, he founded the American Anti-Slavery
Society.
Frederick Douglass: An African American
abolitionist and orator.
Liberty
Party: A political party that had abolition as its main goal.
Its first presidential candidate was James G.
Birney.
Walt Whitman: A Democratic Party activist
and poet who professed an admiration of the diversity of the American people in
his book of free-verse poems, Leaves of
Grass. His works captured the
spirit of American urban popular
culture.
Sabbatarianism: The doctrine that promoted
the participation in the Christian Sabbath. It was
controversial.
Philadelphia
in 1827, the members of this party advocated the rights of workers and promoted
the 10 hour working day and preservation of small artisanal
shops.
National Trades Union: Formed when several
GTUs (General Trades Unions) met in Baltimore. This organization criticized the
economic system for the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few elite
individuals. It organized strikes
and protests.
Tammany: An organization of artisans
started in the 1800s that became important to the organization of mass politics
in New York
City. It
was affiliated with the Democratic Party and used mass appeal to gain
votes.
Political machine/political boss: A system
in which a “boss” exchanged patronage or favors to those who cast their votes a
certain way. This encouraged
cronyism and corruption.
Charles Finney: Preached a doctrine of
“perfectionism”, which held that it was possible for all Christians to live by
God’s will and convert the whole world, creating a perfect moral and religious
community. He was president of
Oberlin
College, which was the most
liberal college of the time.
Lyman Beecher: A Congregationalist minister
who formed the General Union for Promoting the Observance of the Christian
Sabbath, and was the main proponent of sabbatarianism.
Horace Mann: The secretary of the
Massachusetts State Board of Education, he pioneered public education and the
uniformity of curriculum and teacher
training.
Temperance Movement: A movement that
advocated the elimination of the consumption of
alcohol.
Dorothea Dix: A female evangelist who was
horrified at the treatment of the insane and advocated insane asylums. By the end of her travels, 28 states
had insane asylums.
Seneca Falls Convention: Held in New Yorkin 1848, this was
the first convention for women’s
rights.
Declaration of Sentiments: Resolutions
passed at the Seneca Falls Convention that called for full female equality,
including suffrage.
Grimke sisters: Sisters who had left their
prominent slave-owning family on religious grounds and became the first renowned
female public speakers, testifying to the horrors of
slavery.
Edgar Allan Poe: A renowned author whose
inspiration for a few of his horror stories came from the crimes in American
cities.
Theodore Weld: Author of American
Slavery As It Is, which provided graphic details of the abuse of
slaves. He married Angelina
Grimke. He earned the title of
“Most Mobbed Man in the United States”for his frequent
controversial orations.
Shakers: Founded by Ann Lee in 1774, this
group advocated the abolishment of the traditional family in favor of a group of
people joined in equal fellowship where sex and marriage was
prohibited.
Oneida:
A community that practiced “complex marriage” in which sexual activity was
encouraged among all members. It
had a reputation of socialism which prohibited it from acquiring many new
members.
New
Harmony:
Founded by Scottish Robert Owen in 1825, it was designed to be a manufacturing
community without poverty, yet it survived only 3
years.
Joseph Smith: The founder of Mormonism who
claimed to have encounters with God.
He was killed by a mob after being jailed for advocating
polygamy.
Mormonism: A religion that gained
distinction for its unity and was made successful through its promotion of
cooperation and hard work. It
rapidly attracted members, yet also attracted
animosity.
Brigham Young: Led the Mormon community
after the death of Joseph Smith to the Great Salt
Lake.
American Colonization Society: An
organization formed in 1817 by northern religious reformers, primarily Quakers,
which called for the emancipation of slaves and their subsequent removal to
Africa.
David Walker: Author of Appeal
to the Colored Citizens of the World, a pamphlet that encouraged slave
rebellion in the South.
William L. Garrison: The leader of an
anti-slavery movement who condemned slavery as sinful and demanded its immediate
abolition. He would not settle for
compromise and demanded social equality for freed blacks.
With the aid of Theodore Weld, he founded the American Anti-Slavery
Society.
Frederick Douglass: An African American
abolitionist and orator.
Liberty
Party: A political party that had abolition as its main goal.
Its first presidential candidate was James G.
Birney.
Walt Whitman: A Democratic Party activist
and poet who professed an admiration of the diversity of the American people in
his book of free-verse poems, Leaves of
Grass. His works captured the
spirit of American urban popular
culture.
Sabbatarianism: The doctrine that promoted
the participation in the Christian Sabbath. It was
controversial.