Terms
Touissant L’Ouverture- Leader of a slave rebellion in Haiti that gave freedom to its people, making it the world’s first independent black nation.
Marbury vs. Madison- Supreme court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
Louisiana Purchase- The land including New Orleans and all of Louisiana that Napoleon Bonaparte sold to the United for $15 million. This is the largest peaceful acquisition of territory in US history.
Leopard/Chesapeake Incident- An attack in 1807 of the British Frigate Leopard on the American Frigate Chesapeake. The result was the closing of American territory waters to British ships, and a demand of payment for damages from the British. This event raised tensions between the US and Britain, and was one of the events leading up to the War of 1812.
Embargo Act- Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port.
Tecumseh- A famous Shawnee Indian leader. In the War of 1812 he was a big help to British Major-General Brock in getting the Americans to surrender Detroit. However, when Major-General Procter took Brock’s place, Tecumseh died at the Battle of Thames after Procter failed to show up at Chatham, Ontario.
Battle of Tippecanoe- A battle between American and Indian forces at modern-day Battle Ground Indiana. The Americans won despite losing more men.
War Hawks- Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810.
War of 1812- War between the United States and Britain, fought between June 1812 and January 1815. It was fought largely over British restrictions on American shipping.
Battle of New Orleans- Decisive American victory over British troops in the War of 1812 in January 1815 that ended any British hopes of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River valley.
Hartford Convention- A convention in 1814 where Federalist representatives from 5 New England states met to discuss their grievances versus the War of 1812.
Treaty of Ghent- A treaty signed in December 1814 that ended the War of 1812.
Land Act, 1820- An act of Congress in 1820 which priced land at $1.25 per acre, with a minimum purchase of 80 acres and a $100 down payment in cash.
Era of Good Feelings- The period from 1817-1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.
American System- The program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition.
Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817- Treaty between the US and Britain that effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships each power could station on them.
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819- Treaty between the US and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the US, surrendered all claims to the Pacific Northwest, and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana Purchase territory and the Spanish Southwest.
Monroe Doctrine- Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and that the US would not interfere with internal European affairs.
Panic of 1819- An economic depression occurring due to a lack of commerce with European nations and great amounts of land being bought on credit which was not being paid back.
Missouri Compromise- Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory.
Thomas Jefferson- The third President of the United States. He was the buyer of the Louisiana territory through the Louisiana Purchase, and served from 1801 to 1809. He was a member of the Democratic Republican party.
James Madison- President of the United States from 1809-1817. He was also one of the negotiators of the Louisiana Purchase.
Henry Clay- A representative to Kentucky in the House of Representatives off-and-on from 1812 to 1829. He was one of the leaders of the War Hawks in Congress. He also was one of the creators of a part of the American System. He was also fundamental in getting the Missouri Compromise done.
John C. Calhoun- He was a War Hawk in Congress after his election in 1810. He was appointed Secretary of War in 1817 by President James Monroe. He also influenced Monroe to sign off on the Missouri Compromise.
Andrew Jackson- The founder of the modern Democratic party, the commander of American forces at the Battle of New Orleans, and the Seventh President of the United States.
James Monroe- The 5th President of the United States. He was the Secretary of State and Secretary of War under James Madison during the War of 1812. During his presidency he was awarded Florida, saw the Missouri Compromise, and gave the Monroe Doctrine.
Second Bank of the United States- A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit. In 1819, it forced many state banks into foreclosure from too many bad loans.
Questions
1) This is true because there was so much land between the American western border and the Pacific Ocean at that point, and it was not likely that they would be able to acquire all of the land that was there, or even just enough to stretch between the oceans. America’s rivals were Britain, the Indians, the Spanish, and the French.
2) America’s push for continental expansion was pushed by citizens who wanted to go further west than the Appalachian Mountains, as well as by the firm belief in Manifest Destiny by the American public.
3) America’s economy in 1800 was so local because of the lack of good transportation to be able to transport large masses of goods between regions. However, this situation as changing with the invention of the railroad, which allowed for the massive transportation of goods over great distances. The South was developing as an agricultural center, and the North was developing as an industrial center.
4) This means that Thomas Jefferson believed in America being an agrarian, or agricultural, society. He believed this because if America could provide itself with food and other agricultural raw materials, it could be self-sufficient and have a great import-export ratio.
5) Jefferson’s domestic goals included cutting all internal taxes, reducing the size of the army and navy, reducing the government staff, and eliminating all of the national debt. He accomplished all of these in full.
6) The Jeffersonians’ goals were to expand the United States’ boundaries, to engage in commerce, and to avoid a war if it was reasonably avoidable. They supported continental expansion because of the firm belief in Manifest Destiny, and this lead to conflicts over nations not surrendering land. The War of 1812 came out of this because with the commerce issue, the US refused to trade with Great Britain, causing Great Britain to attack American ships. Also, Great Britain did not want to give up their claims to Canada, and therefore the US decided to go to war with them.
7) The Indians attempted as best as they could to resist the American expansionalism by fighting back, but to little avail. The alternative to this would have been using the American legal system to obtain rights, though it is unlikely they would have succeeded there, either.
8) America was losing its locality and was becoming a nation with a national identity and economy because transportation and communication systems were getting better.
Touissant L’Ouverture- Leader of a slave rebellion in Haiti that gave freedom to its people, making it the world’s first independent black nation.
Marbury vs. Madison- Supreme court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
Louisiana Purchase- The land including New Orleans and all of Louisiana that Napoleon Bonaparte sold to the United for $15 million. This is the largest peaceful acquisition of territory in US history.
Leopard/Chesapeake Incident- An attack in 1807 of the British Frigate Leopard on the American Frigate Chesapeake. The result was the closing of American territory waters to British ships, and a demand of payment for damages from the British. This event raised tensions between the US and Britain, and was one of the events leading up to the War of 1812.
Embargo Act- Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port.
Tecumseh- A famous Shawnee Indian leader. In the War of 1812 he was a big help to British Major-General Brock in getting the Americans to surrender Detroit. However, when Major-General Procter took Brock’s place, Tecumseh died at the Battle of Thames after Procter failed to show up at Chatham, Ontario.
Battle of Tippecanoe- A battle between American and Indian forces at modern-day Battle Ground Indiana. The Americans won despite losing more men.
War Hawks- Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810.
War of 1812- War between the United States and Britain, fought between June 1812 and January 1815. It was fought largely over British restrictions on American shipping.
Battle of New Orleans- Decisive American victory over British troops in the War of 1812 in January 1815 that ended any British hopes of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River valley.
Hartford Convention- A convention in 1814 where Federalist representatives from 5 New England states met to discuss their grievances versus the War of 1812.
Treaty of Ghent- A treaty signed in December 1814 that ended the War of 1812.
Land Act, 1820- An act of Congress in 1820 which priced land at $1.25 per acre, with a minimum purchase of 80 acres and a $100 down payment in cash.
Era of Good Feelings- The period from 1817-1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.
American System- The program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition.
Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817- Treaty between the US and Britain that effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships each power could station on them.
Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819- Treaty between the US and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the US, surrendered all claims to the Pacific Northwest, and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana Purchase territory and the Spanish Southwest.
Monroe Doctrine- Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and that the US would not interfere with internal European affairs.
Panic of 1819- An economic depression occurring due to a lack of commerce with European nations and great amounts of land being bought on credit which was not being paid back.
Missouri Compromise- Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory.
Thomas Jefferson- The third President of the United States. He was the buyer of the Louisiana territory through the Louisiana Purchase, and served from 1801 to 1809. He was a member of the Democratic Republican party.
James Madison- President of the United States from 1809-1817. He was also one of the negotiators of the Louisiana Purchase.
Henry Clay- A representative to Kentucky in the House of Representatives off-and-on from 1812 to 1829. He was one of the leaders of the War Hawks in Congress. He also was one of the creators of a part of the American System. He was also fundamental in getting the Missouri Compromise done.
John C. Calhoun- He was a War Hawk in Congress after his election in 1810. He was appointed Secretary of War in 1817 by President James Monroe. He also influenced Monroe to sign off on the Missouri Compromise.
Andrew Jackson- The founder of the modern Democratic party, the commander of American forces at the Battle of New Orleans, and the Seventh President of the United States.
James Monroe- The 5th President of the United States. He was the Secretary of State and Secretary of War under James Madison during the War of 1812. During his presidency he was awarded Florida, saw the Missouri Compromise, and gave the Monroe Doctrine.
Second Bank of the United States- A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit. In 1819, it forced many state banks into foreclosure from too many bad loans.
Questions
1) This is true because there was so much land between the American western border and the Pacific Ocean at that point, and it was not likely that they would be able to acquire all of the land that was there, or even just enough to stretch between the oceans. America’s rivals were Britain, the Indians, the Spanish, and the French.
2) America’s push for continental expansion was pushed by citizens who wanted to go further west than the Appalachian Mountains, as well as by the firm belief in Manifest Destiny by the American public.
3) America’s economy in 1800 was so local because of the lack of good transportation to be able to transport large masses of goods between regions. However, this situation as changing with the invention of the railroad, which allowed for the massive transportation of goods over great distances. The South was developing as an agricultural center, and the North was developing as an industrial center.
4) This means that Thomas Jefferson believed in America being an agrarian, or agricultural, society. He believed this because if America could provide itself with food and other agricultural raw materials, it could be self-sufficient and have a great import-export ratio.
5) Jefferson’s domestic goals included cutting all internal taxes, reducing the size of the army and navy, reducing the government staff, and eliminating all of the national debt. He accomplished all of these in full.
6) The Jeffersonians’ goals were to expand the United States’ boundaries, to engage in commerce, and to avoid a war if it was reasonably avoidable. They supported continental expansion because of the firm belief in Manifest Destiny, and this lead to conflicts over nations not surrendering land. The War of 1812 came out of this because with the commerce issue, the US refused to trade with Great Britain, causing Great Britain to attack American ships. Also, Great Britain did not want to give up their claims to Canada, and therefore the US decided to go to war with them.
7) The Indians attempted as best as they could to resist the American expansionalism by fighting back, but to little avail. The alternative to this would have been using the American legal system to obtain rights, though it is unlikely they would have succeeded there, either.
8) America was losing its locality and was becoming a nation with a national identity and economy because transportation and communication systems were getting better.