Terms
Morgan v. Virginia- A US Supreme Court case ruling segregation on buses is illegal.
Congress of Racial Equality- A group opened to anyone who believed that all people were created equal, and who was willing to work for the goal of equality.
Jackie Robinson- The baseball player for the Brooklyn Dodgers who broke the color barrier.
Bebop- A form of jazz with fast tempos and plenty of improv.
Missouri v. ex. rel. Gaines-
McLauren v. Oklahoma St.- A Supreme Court decision promoting the segregation of the University of Oklahoma.
Thurgood Marshall- The first black US Supreme Court justice.
Brown v. Board of Education- A case ruling that the segregation of public schools is inherently unequal. It struck down the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896.
Earl Warren- A chief justice of the Supreme Court that believed that legislation being created by the judiciary is better than no legislation being created at all.
Montgomery Bus Boycott- A boycott on Montgomery city buses by blacks in honor of Rosa Parks.
Rosa Parks- A Montgomery, AL black woman who refused to give up her seat on a bus on the way home one day and was arrested, which started a year-long boycott of Montgomery city buses.
Southern Manifesto- A document that was opposed to the integration of public places and was signed by 101 congressmen.
Little Rock’s Central High School- The high school in Little Rock, AR, where 9 black students enrolled and President Eisenhower had to send in troops to keep the kids safe at school.
Emmett Till- A black man who was brutally murdered by a mob.
Martin Luther King, Jr.- A southern Civil Rights leader from Tennessee.
SCLC- The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Dr. MLK, Jr., which mobilized black churches on behalf of Civil Rights.
Sit-ins- A trend beginning in Greensboro, NC in 1960 when 4 black college freshmen demanded service at a white-only lunch counter in a restaurant, and did so by sitting there until they were served. Eventually so many people joined them that the restaurant had to close.
SNCC- The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, which was formed by Southern black students in 1960. It gave the civil rights efforts focus and force.
Civil Rights Act of 1957- An act creating a commission to investigate Civil Rights violations, and declared the federal government was to protect voting rights of all citizens.
Freedom Rides- Buses full of blacks that rode through Alabama, and who were stopped and violently met by whites across the state.
The Albany Movement- A desegregation committee formed in Albany, GA in 1961. It contained SNCC members as well as NAACP members.
Robert Kennedy- The Attorney General and brother of JFK who OK’d J. Edgar Hoover’s wiretapping of MLK’s phone lines.
Letters from Birmingham Jail- A letter written by MLK while he was in jail.
Medgar Evers- A black man who on 6/12/63 was on his front porch and was shot by white men.
March on Washington- A massive demonstration for Civil Rights where MLK led 200,000 people on a march through Washington, and when King delivered his “I Have A Dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act of 1964- An act outlawing discrimination in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public places engaged in interstate commerce.
Freedom Summer- The summer of 1964, when there was a voter registration drive in MS resulting in the deaths of 3 Civil Rights activists, and the arrest and acquittal of 21 white Mississippians.
Malcolm X- A Civil Rights activist who was pro-violence if it was necessary to obtain the civil rights.
Nation of Islam- The group of American Muslims, who also murdered Malcolm X.
Elijah Muhammad- The founder of the Nation of Islam.
Voting Rights Act of 1965- A Civil Rights act passed in the hope that more minority voters would be registered.
Mendez v. Westminster- A Supreme Court ruling that Mexicans could not be segregated in Orange County, CA schools.
“Operation Wetback”- A 1954 project of the US INS to remove 4 million illegal immigrants from the Southwest US.
House Concurrent Resolution 108-
NCAI- The National Congress of American Indians, which is dedicated to the restoration and exercise of Tribal Sovereignty.
United States v. Wheeler-
National Indian Youth Council-
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965-
Terms
Morgan v. Virginia- A US Supreme Court case ruling segregation on buses is illegal.
Congress of Racial Equality- A group opened to anyone who believed that all people were created equal, and who was willing to work for the goal of equality.
Jackie Robinson- The baseball player for the Brooklyn Dodgers who broke the color barrier.
Bebop- A form of jazz with fast tempos and plenty of improv.
Missouri v. ex. rel. Gaines-
McLauren v. Oklahoma St.- A Supreme Court decision promoting the segregation of the University of Oklahoma.
Thurgood Marshall- The first black US Supreme Court justice.
Brown v. Board of Education- A case ruling that the segregation of public schools is inherently unequal. It struck down the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896.
Earl Warren- A chief justice of the Supreme Court that believed that legislation being created by the judiciary is better than no legislation being created at all.
Montgomery Bus Boycott- A boycott on Montgomery city buses by blacks in honor of Rosa Parks.
Rosa Parks- A Montgomery, AL black woman who refused to give up her seat on a bus on the way home one day and was arrested, which started a year-long boycott of Montgomery city buses.
Southern Manifesto- A document that was opposed to the integration of public places and was signed by 101 congressmen.
Little Rock’s Central High School- The high school in Little Rock, AR, where 9 black students enrolled and President Eisenhower had to send in troops to keep the kids safe at school.
Emmett Till- A black man who was brutally murdered by a mob.
Martin Luther King, Jr.- A southern Civil Rights leader from Tennessee.
SCLC- The Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Dr. MLK, Jr., which mobilized black churches on behalf of Civil Rights.
Sit-ins- A trend beginning in Greensboro, NC in 1960 when 4 black college freshmen demanded service at a white-only lunch counter in a restaurant, and did so by sitting there until they were served. Eventually so many people joined them that the restaurant had to close.
SNCC- The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, which was formed by Southern black students in 1960. It gave the civil rights efforts focus and force.
Civil Rights Act of 1957- An act creating a commission to investigate Civil Rights violations, and declared the federal government was to protect voting rights of all citizens.
Freedom Rides- Buses full of blacks that rode through Alabama, and who were stopped and violently met by whites across the state.
The Albany Movement- A desegregation committee formed in Albany, GA in 1961. It contained SNCC members as well as NAACP members.
Robert Kennedy- The Attorney General and brother of JFK who OK’d J. Edgar Hoover’s wiretapping of MLK’s phone lines.
Letters from Birmingham Jail- A letter written by MLK while he was in jail.
Medgar Evers- A black man who on 6/12/63 was on his front porch and was shot by white men.
March on Washington- A massive demonstration for Civil Rights where MLK led 200,000 people on a march through Washington, and when King delivered his “I Have A Dream” speech.
Civil Rights Act of 1964- An act outlawing discrimination in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public places engaged in interstate commerce.
Freedom Summer- The summer of 1964, when there was a voter registration drive in MS resulting in the deaths of 3 Civil Rights activists, and the arrest and acquittal of 21 white Mississippians.
Malcolm X- A Civil Rights activist who was pro-violence if it was necessary to obtain the civil rights.
Nation of Islam- The group of American Muslims, who also murdered Malcolm X.
Elijah Muhammad- The founder of the Nation of Islam.
Voting Rights Act of 1965- A Civil Rights act passed in the hope that more minority voters would be registered.
Mendez v. Westminster- A Supreme Court ruling that Mexicans could not be segregated in Orange County, CA schools.
“Operation Wetback”- A 1954 project of the US INS to remove 4 million illegal immigrants from the Southwest US.
House Concurrent Resolution 108-
NCAI- The National Congress of American Indians, which is dedicated to the restoration and exercise of Tribal Sovereignty.
United States v. Wheeler-
National Indian Youth Council-
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965-
Terms