Terms
Vertical Integration- A belief that an industry can be controlled by monopolizing the entire production process of an item. For instance, with steel this would mean controlling every step of the creation from mining ore up until marketing the finished steel.
Horizontal Integration- A method to monopolize a market by allying one’s company with its competitors.
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890- An act outlawing combinations in business that restrained trade, and that authorized the government to begin proceedings to dissolve trusts.
Gospel of Wealth- A doctrine preached by Andrew Carnegie that the wealthy had to prove themselves to be morally responsible, and that they had to help society with money.
Andrew Carnegie- The “Steel King” who practiced Vertical Integration.
Chinese Exclusion Act- An act barring all Chinese immigration to the United States for 60 years. President Hayes vetoed the act, but Congress passed it anyways.
Knights of Labor- A labor organization of the 19th Century. They supported and demanded and end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and a cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories.
Thomas Nast- An American cartoonist.
Haymarket Square Riot- A conflict between workers who were on strike in Haymarket Square in Chicago and local police that escalated into a full riot.
American Federation of Labor- Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program.
New South-
Tenements- Four to six story residential dwellings, once common in New York, built on tiny lots without regard to providing ventilation or light.
Gilded Age- A time in US History in which the outwardly showy yet inwardly corrupt nature of US society was exposed.
Conspicuous Consumption- Highly visible displays of wealth and consumption.
Thomas Alva Edison- Known also as the “Wizard of Menlo Park”, he invented the light bulb and the phonograph.
Social Darwinism- A belief instigated by William Graham Sumner, saying that millionaires were the product of natural selection in society, and that showed contempt for the poor.
Horatio Alger- A widely proclaimed author who preached that virtue, honesty, and industry were awarded by success, wealth, and honor. He was also a molester of young boys. J
John Roebling- A German-born civil engineer who designed many suspension bridges, including the Brooklyn Bridge.
Women’s Educational and Industrial Union- Boston organization which offered educational classes to women who earned a wage.
Tuskegee Institute- A college which was greatly supported by Andrew Carnegie as a part of his Gospel of Wealth.
“National Pastime”- An activity or other form of entertainment which everyone in the country knew of and, for the most part, was able to enjoy. Examples are baseball and ragtime music.
Alexander Graham Bell- The inventor of the telephone. He did so in 1876.
Frederick Law Olmsted- The nation’s premier landscape architect at the time, he designed the Fenway Park system.
John D. Rockefeller- The owner of the Standard Oil Company, he monopolized the oil industry through horizontal integration.
“Rag”- Ragtime music, which became a national pastime after it was introduced to many Northerners in 1893.
Questions
1) The industrial boom after the Civil War was owed to the opening of the west and the discovering of massive amounts of natural resources. This boom created huge businesses because as more demand was created for products, businesses were forced to grow.
2) Labor changed in the Gilded Age because it became about maximizing the use of space, or by using factories, which was the workplace of most citizens.
3) The Knights of Labor barred membership to liquor dealers, gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockholders, and were more for the ‘common man’ type of laborer. The AF of L was more for all laborers, and it made no discriminations.
4) Cities became much less desirable places to live, as they were full of pollution and were all around disgusting.
5) The middle class spent leisure time at baseball games, theme parks, or listening to music, whereas working class Americans could not afford most of those things. Chances were, the leisure activities between the two groups were conflicting rather than overlapping, though the same music genre was enjoyed by all, ragtime.
6) Cities grew as more and more people worked in them and had no means of commuting to work every day. Mostly, cities attracted those who could not afford houses far away from their jobs. These poor people lived a very dirty lifestyle, as cleanliness was not as easy to achieve as it is today.
7) Immigrant communities and the middle class tended to disagree about blue laws because the immigrants were normally workers who only had Sunday off, and that was their time to enjoy some luxuries. This included alcohol for some cultures, which was not consumed on Sunday in America. These issues were not those of morality at all.
Vertical Integration- A belief that an industry can be controlled by monopolizing the entire production process of an item. For instance, with steel this would mean controlling every step of the creation from mining ore up until marketing the finished steel.
Horizontal Integration- A method to monopolize a market by allying one’s company with its competitors.
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890- An act outlawing combinations in business that restrained trade, and that authorized the government to begin proceedings to dissolve trusts.
Gospel of Wealth- A doctrine preached by Andrew Carnegie that the wealthy had to prove themselves to be morally responsible, and that they had to help society with money.
Andrew Carnegie- The “Steel King” who practiced Vertical Integration.
Chinese Exclusion Act- An act barring all Chinese immigration to the United States for 60 years. President Hayes vetoed the act, but Congress passed it anyways.
Knights of Labor- A labor organization of the 19th Century. They supported and demanded and end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and a cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories.
Thomas Nast- An American cartoonist.
Haymarket Square Riot- A conflict between workers who were on strike in Haymarket Square in Chicago and local police that escalated into a full riot.
American Federation of Labor- Union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along craft lines and emphasized a few workplace issues rather than a broad social program.
New South-
Tenements- Four to six story residential dwellings, once common in New York, built on tiny lots without regard to providing ventilation or light.
Gilded Age- A time in US History in which the outwardly showy yet inwardly corrupt nature of US society was exposed.
Conspicuous Consumption- Highly visible displays of wealth and consumption.
Thomas Alva Edison- Known also as the “Wizard of Menlo Park”, he invented the light bulb and the phonograph.
Social Darwinism- A belief instigated by William Graham Sumner, saying that millionaires were the product of natural selection in society, and that showed contempt for the poor.
Horatio Alger- A widely proclaimed author who preached that virtue, honesty, and industry were awarded by success, wealth, and honor. He was also a molester of young boys. J
John Roebling- A German-born civil engineer who designed many suspension bridges, including the Brooklyn Bridge.
Women’s Educational and Industrial Union- Boston organization which offered educational classes to women who earned a wage.
Tuskegee Institute- A college which was greatly supported by Andrew Carnegie as a part of his Gospel of Wealth.
“National Pastime”- An activity or other form of entertainment which everyone in the country knew of and, for the most part, was able to enjoy. Examples are baseball and ragtime music.
Alexander Graham Bell- The inventor of the telephone. He did so in 1876.
Frederick Law Olmsted- The nation’s premier landscape architect at the time, he designed the Fenway Park system.
John D. Rockefeller- The owner of the Standard Oil Company, he monopolized the oil industry through horizontal integration.
“Rag”- Ragtime music, which became a national pastime after it was introduced to many Northerners in 1893.
Questions
1) The industrial boom after the Civil War was owed to the opening of the west and the discovering of massive amounts of natural resources. This boom created huge businesses because as more demand was created for products, businesses were forced to grow.
2) Labor changed in the Gilded Age because it became about maximizing the use of space, or by using factories, which was the workplace of most citizens.
3) The Knights of Labor barred membership to liquor dealers, gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockholders, and were more for the ‘common man’ type of laborer. The AF of L was more for all laborers, and it made no discriminations.
4) Cities became much less desirable places to live, as they were full of pollution and were all around disgusting.
5) The middle class spent leisure time at baseball games, theme parks, or listening to music, whereas working class Americans could not afford most of those things. Chances were, the leisure activities between the two groups were conflicting rather than overlapping, though the same music genre was enjoyed by all, ragtime.
6) Cities grew as more and more people worked in them and had no means of commuting to work every day. Mostly, cities attracted those who could not afford houses far away from their jobs. These poor people lived a very dirty lifestyle, as cleanliness was not as easy to achieve as it is today.
7) Immigrant communities and the middle class tended to disagree about blue laws because the immigrants were normally workers who only had Sunday off, and that was their time to enjoy some luxuries. This included alcohol for some cultures, which was not consumed on Sunday in America. These issues were not those of morality at all.